Evolution life cycle

T-Tauri stars Stars early in their evolution life cycle that throw off a dust jacket in the form of polar jets and begin to shine. 

Valero M, Richerd S, Perrot V, Destombe C (1992) Evolution of alternation of haploid and diploid phases in life cycles. Trends Ecol Evol 7 25-29... 

Corporate competitiveness traditionally has been achieved through new product development, quality performance, and cost control. Competitiveness in the twenty-first century will require extending these traditional elements to include the life-cycle environmental impacts of materials and final products. Three forces are driving this evolution. The forces driving life-cycle accountability are... 

The malaria parasite Plasmodium has a complex life cycle with several forms and spends much of its life hiding within red blood cells.1 It may also suppress the immune system. The unicellular sporozoites, which are injected into the bloodstream by mosquitos, are protected by an external coat protein that is unusual in containing many short repeated sequences. For example, that of P. falciparum, which causes the most deadly form of malaria, contains the sequence Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro repeated 37 times.q These coat proteins undergo unusually rapid evolution, which makes the preparation of vaccines difficult.1... 

The nature of parasite life cycles is known to shape parasite evolution as they predispose the parasite to different genetic structures... 

Criscione, C.D. and Blouin, M.S. (2004) Life cycles shape parasite evolution comparative population genetics of salmon trematodes. Evolution 58, 198-202. 

Parker, C.A., Chubb, J.C., Ball, M.A. and Roberts, G.N. (2003) Evolution of complex life cycles in helminth parasites. Nature 425, 480-484. 

Barnthouse, L. Fava, J. Humphreys, K. Hunt, R. Laibson, L. Noesen, S. Norris, G. et al. (eds.), Evolution and Development of the Conceptual Framework and Methodology of Life-Cycle Impact Assessment an Addendum to Life-Cycle Impact Assessment The State-of-the-Art, 2nd edn., Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Pensacola, FL, 1997. 

Roughgarden, J., The evolution of marine life cycles, in Mathematical Evolutionary Theory, Feldmans, M.W., Ed., Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1989, 270. 

A systemic approach of the whole supply chain allows the designer to identify the critical stages where inefficient use of raw materials and energy takes place, as well as the sources of toxic materials and pollution. Developing sustainable processes implies the availability of consistent and general accepted sustainability measures. A comprehensive analysis should examine the evolution of sustainability over the whole life cycle, namely that raised by the dismantling the plant. 

Although many factors are involved in the evolution of an organism, its life-cycle plays an important part regulating the pace of evolution and can be compared to the chemical synthesis of a library. Higher organisms evolve very slowly and can be compared to classical, information-rich low-throughput chemistry methods to prepare... 

A. A polyphyletic evolution from mitotic to meiotic life cycles within a polykaryotic and coenocytic homothallic organism (primary or primitive homothallism [41, 83] (fig. 5). 

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