Evolution conserved

Kaneko, Y., Sakakibara, S., Imai, T., Suzuki, A., Nakamura, Y., Sawamoto, K., Ogawa, Y., Toyama, Y., Miyata, T., Okano, H. (2000). Musashil an evolutionally conserved marker for CNS progenitor cells including neural stem cells. Dev Neurosci, 22, 139-53. 

The final equality results from the fact that the phase-space flow generated by time evolution conserves probability. Because the reversibility criterion is satisfied, the simple acceptance probabilities from Eqs. (1.27) and (1.29) can be used, provided a stationary distribution p exists. 

POLH orthologs are evolutionally conserved in a wide variety of eukaryotes from yeast to human, and it is thought that POL/most likely arose as a gene duplication of POLH during evolution of the species. POLI s distribution is much more limited than that of POLH, and it is found mostly in higher eukaryotes. 

In situations where conserved internal markers caimot be used, such as in spills of essentially pure compounds, the evidence for enhanced biodegradation may have to be more indirect. Oxygen consumption, increases in microbial activity or population, and carbon dioxide evolution have all been used with success. 

Deterministic air quaUty models describe in a fundamental manner the individual processes that affect the evolution of pollutant concentrations. These models are based on solving the atmospheric diffusion —reaction equation, which is in essence the conservation-of-mass principle for each pollutant species... 

Euleria.n Models. Of the Eulerian models, the box model is the easiest to conceptualize. The atmosphere over the modeling region is envisioned as a well-mixed box, and the evolution of pollutants in the box is calculated following conservation-of-mass principles including emissions, deposition, chemical reactions, and atmospheric mixing. 

The energy conservation equation is not normally solved as given in (9.4). Instead, an evolution equation for internal energy is used [9]. First an evolution equation for the kinetic energy is derived by taking the dot product of the momentum balance equation with the velocity and integrating the resulting differential equation. The differential equation is... 

This equation is subtracted from the conservation-of-energy equation yielding an equation for the evolution of the internal energy... 

If a phylogenetic comparison is made of the 16S-Iike rRNAs from an archae-bacterium Halobacterium volcanii), a eubacterium E. coli), and a eukaryote (the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae), a striking similarity in secondary structure emerges (Figure 12.40). Remarkably, these secondary structures are similar despite the fact that the nucleotide sequences of these rRNAs themselves exhibit a low degree of similarity. Apparently, evolution is acting at the level of rRNA secondary structure, not rRNA nucleotide sequence. Similar conserved folding patterns are seen for the 23S-Iike and 5S-Iike rRNAs that reside in the... 

Many second-order reversible rules of the above form allow a pseudo-Hamiltonian prescription. The evolution of such systems may then be defined as any configurational change that conserves an energy function . We discuss this Hamiltonian formulation a bit later in this section. 

As we shall see in the next section, some rules do indeed possess energy-like conserved quantities, although it will turn out that (unlike for more familiar Hamiltonian systems), these invariants do not completely govern the evolution of ERCA systems. Their existence nonetheless permits the calculation of standard thermodynamic quantities (such as partition functions). 

As we have already observed in section 3.1.4.5,CA evolution may conserve locally defined quantities. Moreover, local conservation laws often cause walls to appear that prohibit sites sitting on opposite sides of those walls from exchanging any information. Figure 8.3, which shows the space-time plots of ERCA 18, 73r, and 129/j, provides three such examples. 

Families of similar sequences contain information on sequence evolution in the form of specific conservation patterns at all sequence positions. Multiple sequence alignments are useful for... 

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