Ethyl succinic acid

This tetra ethyl ester is difficult to hydrolyse the corresponding tetra-methyl ester can, however, be hydrolysed to give ethane tetracarboxylic acid, (HOOC)jCH CH(COOH)j. The latter readily loses 2 molecules of carbon dioxide (on being heated or even on boiling with water) to give succinic acid, HOOCCHjCHjCOOH. 

Diethyl succinate. Reflux a mixture of 58 g. of A.R. succinic acid, 81 g. (102-5 ml.) of absolute ethyl alcohol, 190 ml. of sodium-dried... 

Pyrrohdinone (2-pyrrohdone, butyrolactam or 2-Pyrol) (27) was first reported in 1889 as a product of the dehydration of 4-aminobutanoic acid (49). The synthesis used for commercial manufacture, ie, condensation of butyrolactone with ammonia at high temperatures, was first described in 1936 (50). Other synthetic routes include carbon monoxide insertion into allylamine (51,52), hydrolytic hydrogenation of succinonitnle (53,54), and hydrogenation of ammoniacal solutions of maleic or succinic acids (55—57). Properties of 2-pyrrohdinone are Hsted in Table 2. 2-Pyrrohdinone is completely miscible with water, lower alcohols, lower ketones, ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and benzene. It is soluble to ca 1 wt % in aUphatic hydrocarbons. 

Succinic acid is absorbed from aqueous solutions by anion-exchange resins or active carbon (9—11). Succinic anhydride forms rhombic pyramidal or bipyramidal crystals. It is relatively insoluble in ether, but soluble in boiling chloroform and ethyl acetate. Succinic anhydride reacts with water and alcohols, giving the acid and monoesters, respectively. 

Formal oxidation of pyrrolidine to the succinimide stage affords a series of compounds used as anticonvulsant agents for treatment of seizures in petit mal epilepsy. Knoevnagel condensation of benzaldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate affords the unsaturated ester, 9. Conjugate addition of cyanide ion leads to the di-nitrile ester (10). Hydrolysis in mineral acid affords the succinic acid (11), presumably by decarboxylation of the intermediate tricarboxyllie acid. Lactamization with methylamine gives phensuximide (12). ... 

With the cxoepLion, howev V, o( trierhyl citrate, nearly all the nonvolatile esters are to a great extent, removed mechanically during the evaporation in tbe oil vapour- To delect, Cor example, glycer) acetate, ethyl oxalate., ethyl tarlrate, aod ethyl succinate, the evaporation should only be proceeded with until about 10 to 16 pet cent, of the oil is left in the dtsb, and this residee tested for Ibe varioua acids,... 

Succinaldehyde, 7, 41 Succinic acid, 5, 10, 8, 13 Succinic ester (ethyl), 5, 10 Sulfonation, with chlorosulfomc acid, 5, 3... 

Dimethyl peroxide Diethyl peroxide Di-t-butyl-di-peroxyphthalate Difuroyl peroxide Dibenzoyl peroxide Dimeric ethylidene peroxide Dimeric acetone peroxide Dimeric cyclohexanone peroxide Diozonide of phorone Dimethyl ketone peroxide Ethyl hydroperoxide Ethylene ozonide Hydroxymethyl methyl peroxide Hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide 1-Hydroxyethyl ethyl peroxide 1 -Hydroperoxy-1 -acetoxycyclodecan-6-one Isopropyl percarbonate Isopropyl hydroperoxide Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide Methyl hydroperoxide Methyl ethyl peroxide Monoperoxy succinic acid Nonanoyl peroxide (75% hydrocarbon solution) 1-Naphthoyl peroxide Oxalic acid ester of t-butyl hydroperoxide Ozonide of maleic anhydride Phenylhydrazone hydroperoxide Polymeric butadiene peroxide Polymeric isoprene peroxide Polymeric dimethylbutadiene peroxide Polymeric peroxides of methacrylic acid esters and styrene... 

Figure 4.30. Molecular model for dialkyl succinic acid. The C -C distance is 1.54 A the C-C-C angles are tetrahedral, Qj- = 109.47 °. The center of the negative charge was placed at a distance of 1.25/2 = 0.625 A from Ae carboxyl carbon atom, and the positive charge at a distance of 0.7 A from the negative charge. The effective radii for the various alkyl groups were computed from the van der Waals volumes given by Bondi (1968). These are methyl, 1.75 A ethyl, 1.78 A isopropyl, 2.0 A tert-butyl, 2.2 A. These radii were used to construct the Lennard-Jones potentials between the various groups [see Eq. (4.8.46)].

These syntlieses give no indication as to the structure of aspartic acid, the constitutional formula of which is based upon Kolbe s work, that it is amino-succinic acid the only synthesis of aspartic acid which confirms this constitution appears to be that by Piutti in 1887. Sodium oxalacetic ester, prepared from oxalic ester and acetic ester in the presence of sodium ethylate —... 

P-CARBETHOXY-y.-y-DIPHENYLVINYLACETIC ACID (Succinic acid, a-benzhydrylidene-, a-ethyl ester)... 

Eriobotrya japonica Linkdl. Pi Pa Yie (Loquat) (leaf, flower, fruit) Levulose, sucrose, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, amygdalin, crytoxanthin, carotenes, phenyl ethyl alcohol pentosans, essential oils.50 Antitussive, expectorant, treat bronchitis, cough, fever, nausea, externally applied to epistaxis, smallpox, ulcers. 

Methyl- 1,3-cyclopentanedione is a key intermediate for the total synthesis of steroids.2 A number of methods have been described for its preparation, among them the condensation of succinic acid with propionyl chloride,3 and that of succinic anhydride with 2-buten-2-ol acetate,4 both in the presence of aluminum chloride. It has also been obtained from 3-methylcyclopentane-1,2,4-trione by catalytic hydrogenation5 and Wolff-Kishner reduction 6 The base-promoted cyclization of 4-oxohexanoic acid ethyl ester and diethyl propionylsuccinate with tertiary alkoxides was first reported by Bucourt.7 The present cyclization process provides an experimentally simple route to 2-methyl-1,3-cyclopentanedione. Using the same procedure, 4-oxoheptanoic acid ethyl ester has been cyclized to give 2-ethyl-l,3-cyclopentanedione in 46% yield... 

Succinic acid [110-15-6] M 118.1, m 185-185.5°. Washed with ethyl ether. Crystd from acetone, distd water, or rerr-butanol. Dried under vacuum over P2O5 or cone H2SO4. Also purified by conversion to the disodium salt which, after crystn from boiling water (charcoal), is treated with mineral acid to regenerate the succinic acid. The acid is then recrystd and vacuum dried. 

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