Ethanol 2-chloroethanol

It, thus, appears that the capacity to catalyze reactions of transesterification and esterification is a characteristic of various hydrolases (Chapt. 3). Apart from the carboxylesterases discussed here, lipoprotein lipase has the capacity to synthesize fatty acid ethyl esters from ethanol and triglycerides, or even fatty acids [127]. Ethanol, 2-chloroethanol, and other primary alcohols serve to esterify endogenous fatty acids and a number of xenobiotic acids [128-130]. In this context, it is interesting to note that the same human liver carboxylesterase was able to catalyze the hydrolysis of cocaine to benzoylecgonine, the transesterification of cocaine, and the ethyl esterification of fatty acids [131]. 

Materials. Except as noted, all halocarbons used in the experiments were reagent grade and were used as received. 2,2-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-l,l-dichloroethylene (DDE, obtained from Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI) was purified by recrystallization from 95% ethanol. 2-Chloroethanol (Aldrich) was purified as described by Zepp and co-workers (12). Other halocarbons and reagents were the purest grade that could be obtained commercially and were used as received. The water used was first deionized and then distilled from alkaline permanganate. 

Ethylene chlorohydrin [107-07-3J, HOCH2CH2CI, is the simplest chlorohydrin. It may also be called 2-chloroethanol, 2-chloroethyl alcohol, or glycol chlorohydrin. Ethylene chlorohydrin is ahquid at 15°C and 101.3 kPa (1 atm) (Table 1). This polar compound is miscible with water [7732-18-5] and ethanol [64-17-5] and is slightly soluble in ethyl ether [60-29-7] (5). 

In basic sohition, the alkoxide ions formed by deprotonation are even more effective nucleqrhiles. In ethanol containing sodium ethoxide, 2-chloroethanol reacts about 5000 times faster than ediyl chloridelThe product is ethylene oxide, confirming the involvement of the oxygoi atom as a nucleophile. 

Although the first all-sulfur macrocycles were prepared many years ago " the first systematic study of such compounds was initiated by Busch and his coworkers , who were interested in the cation binding properties of such ligands. A sequential synthesis was utilized to produce 1,4,8,11-tetrathiacyclotetradecane [tetrathia-14-crown-4 (70)] . In the first step, 1,3-propanedithiol is metallated using sodium and alkylated with 2-chloroethanol. The diol was then treated with thiourea to form the dimercapto-dithioether compound 9. The latter was once again metallated with sodium and allowed to react with 1,3-dibromopropane. The yield of 70 in the ring closure step, conducted at high dilution in absolute ethanol, was 7.5% after recrystallization. The entire sequence is illustrated in Eq. (6.8) . ... 

H2Br (bromoethanol) > —H2CH3 (propanol) > H2C1 (chloroethanol) > Fj (tri-fluoroethanol) > —H2F (fluoroethanol) > —H3 (ethanol)... 

In contrast, other authors have preferred to synthesise the individual metabolites for a more confident determination (see Fig. 4.2.1). Table 4.2.1 shows the methods described in the literature to synthesise the non-commercial metabolites of NPEO. Thus, NPEOi and NPEO2 can be synthesised, according to Shang et al. [14], by reacting nonylphenol (NP) with 2-chloroethanol and 2-(2-chloroethoxy) ethanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide and dimethyl sulfoxide. These compounds... 

Trichloroethylene 2-Nitroaniline 2-Chloroethanol, see 1,2-Dichloroethane TV-Chloroethanolamine, see Ethanolamine 2-(2-Chloroethoxy)ethanol, see Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 2-Chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-amino-s-triazine, see Atrazine... 

Metronidazole Metronidazole, 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-l-ethanol (37.2.10), is made by nitrating 2-methylimidazole to make 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (37.2.9), which is then reacted with 2-chloroethanol or ethylenoxide, which is easily transformed to the desired metronidazole [49,50]. 

Chloroethanol, Ethanol, 2-chloro-, (107-07-3), 65, 150 2-Chloroethyl dichlorophosphate Phosphorodichlor1d1c acid, 2-chloroethyl... 

A light-scattering study of this nature has been carried out on solutions of /J-lactoglobulin A (0-A) dissolved in mixtures of water with 2-chloroethanol in the presence of 0.02M NaCl and 0.01 M HC1. 2-Chloro-ethanol is known to be a structure-forming protein denaturant and can be expected to interact with proteins freshly distilled, its refractive index at 436 m/x is 1.447, different from that of water, 1.340. This results in a large value of dn/dCi. 

A major point of contention is the ionization state of the bound alcohol Is it bound as the alcoholate anion7,22 or as the neutral alcohol The position of the proton cannot, of course, be located in the x-ray diffraction studies. Evidence in support of the alcoholate anion being bound comes from the pH dependence of the binding of substituted alcohols 23 The complexes of the holoen-zyme with various alcohols have the following pKa values trifluorethanol, 4.3 2,2-dichloroethanol, 4.5 2-chloroethanol, 5.4 ethanol, 6.4. These values are some 8 to 9 units below the values of the alcohols in solution. If they represent the ionization of the alcohols in the ternary complexes, then complexing to the enzyme has dramatically lowered the pK s. This does seem to have happened,... 

For alcohols, EHOMO decreases as the number of chlorines increases. The dataset is l-chloro-2-propanol 2,2/2-trichloro-l/l-ethanediol 2,2,2-trichloro-ethanol 2,2-dichloroethanol 2-chloroethanol 3-chloro-l,2-propanediol 3-chloropropanol and 4-chloro-l-butanol. HOMO represents 94.4% of the variance in the linear regression equation therefore, the probability of getting a correlation of -0.9721 for a sample size of eight is less than 1% (see Figure 5.17). 

Bis[2-chloroethoxy] tellurium tetrafluoride reacted with ethanol to give bis[2-chloroethoxy] ethoxy tellurium trifluoride. However, this compound could not be obtained from 2-chloroethoxy ethoxy tellurium difluoride and 2-chloroethanol. Diethoxy tellurium tetrafluoride and 2-chloroethanol were also found to be unreactive1. 

Table 10-4 shows that substitution by electron-withdrawing halogen atoms enhances the acidity of alcohols. For example, 2-chloroethanol is more acidic than ethanol because the electron-withdrawing chlorine atom helps to stabilize the 2-chloroethoxide ion. 

In a related connection, the solubility of a protein may be considerably greater in a slightly acidified or alkalized weakly protic solvent than in the pure liquid. This would be analogous to the situation which one obtains in aqueous media, in which proteins are generally increasingly soluble the further the pH is from the isoelectric point of the protein, within certain pH limits (Cohn and Edsall, 1943, p. 606). This is probably the reason that 2-chloroethanol is such an excellent solvent for proteins (Doty, 1959). This solvent is not a very stable one, and significant amounts of HCl can be present in it. This may also account for the observation that, although bovine serum albumin is insoluble in pure acetone, methanol, and ethanol, it dissolves in them when trichloroacetic acid (1%) is added (Levine, 1954). On the other hand, the trichloroacetate counterion may itself influence the solubility of the protein salt in the nonaqueous solvents. 

Corresponding increases in —60 are observed upon the addition of similar amounts of other weakly protic, hydrocarbon-miscible, nonaqueous solvents to protein solutions in H2O (Tanford et al., 1960 Tanford and De, 1961). Among the solvents so far examined which exhibit this effect are dioxane, ethanol, dimethylformamide, iV-methylpropionamide, and 1-propanol. There is therefore nothing unique about 2-chloroethanol in this respect except its solubilizing capacity for proteins (Section 111,11) which is not nearly as extensively exhibited by the other pure solvents. 

Qulnollnyloxy)ethanol. 8-Hydroxyqulnoline (14.5 g, 100 mmol) was dissolved by warming In 200 ml of water containing NaOH (4 gm). After cooling to room temperature, 2-chloroethanol (12 g, 150 mmol) was added to the solution over 5 hrs. The mixture was stirred for 49 hrs. at 20°C and a precipitate was filtered. The precipitate was water washed, dried In vacuo and recrystalllzed from benzene/ether/pet.ether 50/20/30. Yield... 

ETHANOL, 2-CHLORO-, ESTER WITH 2-(P-TERT-BUTYLPHENOXY)-1-METH YLETHYL SULFITE ETHANOL, 2-CHLORO-, 2- P-T-BUTYLPHENOXY)-1-METHYLETHYL SULFITE ETHANOL. 2-CHLORO-. 2-(P-T-BUTHYLPHENOXY)-1-METHYLETHYL SULFITE SULFUROUS ACID, 2-CHLOROETHYL 2-t4-(1,1-DIMETHYLETHYL)PHENOXY]-1-METHYLETHYL ESTER 2-CHLOROETHYL SULPHITE OF 1-(P-T-BUTYLPHENOXY)-2-PROPANOL 2-(P-BUTYLPHENOXY)-1-METHYLETHYL 2-CHLOROETHYL SULFITE 2-(P-BUTYLPHENOXY)ISOPROPYL 2-CHLOROETHYL SULFITE 2-(P-T-8UTYLPHENOXY)-1-METHYLETHYL 2 -CHLOROETHYL SULPHITE 2-(P-T-BUTYLPHEN0XY)-1-METHYLETHYL 2-CHLOROETHYL ESTER OF SULPHUROUS ACID 2-(P-T-BUTYLPHENOXY)-1-METHYLETHYL SULPHITE OF 2-CHLOROETHANOL 2-(P-T-8UTYLPHENOXY)ISOPROPYL 2 -CHLOROETHYL SULPHITE 2-(P-TERT-BUTYLPHENOXY)-1-METHYLETHYL 2-CHLOROETHYL ESTER SULFUROUS ACID 2-(P-TERT-BUTYLPHENOXY)ISOPROPYL 2-CHLOROETHYL SULFITE 2-CHLOROETHYL 1-METHYL-2- P-T-BUTYLPHENOXY)ETHYL SULFATE 2-(4-T-BUTYLPHENOXY)ISOPROPYL-2-CHLOROETHYL SULFITE... 

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