Estuary origin

Fig. 5.3.5. Die-away curves of the individual isomers of each LAS homologue (C10-C13) achieved by mixed bacterial culture originating from the freshwater layer of the estuary at 23°C. Initial concentration of IAS was 1 mgL-1 (from Ref. [8]).

Kvestak and Ahel investigated the biotransformation kinetics of A9PEO in the Krka estuary in Croatia [35]. Static die-away tests were performed with autochthonous bacterial cultures originating from the two compartments of the stratified estuary the upper fresh/brackish water layer and the lower saline water layer. Experiments were performed at three different temperatures, and at two concentrations. Samples were taken daily and all separate ethoxylates (1-16) were quantified by normal phase HPLC-FL analysis. No other metabolites were analysed. 

Falmouth MA which developed PSP in 1976, one year after the salt pond was seeded with quahogs of unknown origin (10). It is also of interest that the Perch Pond strain of tamarensis is morphologically distinct from others on Cape Cod (variety tamarensis versus excavata (10, 37), and thus it is unlikely that advective transport of motile populations introduced the species to that estuary. 

The Suwannee River was sampled at its origin at the outlet of the Okefenokee Swamp. This fulvic acid, therefore, is likely to be less degraded than a sample from the Calcasieu River that was taken near its mouth on the estuary during a warm, low-flow period in early summer. Metal-ion solubility controls and sorption on mineral surfaces in upland soils also might fractionate the fulvic acid in the Calcasieu River. In contrast, the Suwannee River mineral-soil solubility controls are less significant. 

Coastal estuary wetlands are susceptible to arsenic contamination because of hurricanes or other storms. Sediments deposited in 2005 by Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, were often contaminated with arsenic that exceeded human health standards (Cobb et al., 2006). The arsenic may have originated from runoff containing lawn herbicide residues and the leachates of wood treated with CCA preservatives (Cobb et al, 2006), 4576. 

The mixture of organic constituents in the marine environment is extremely complex. Their origin is partly terrigenuous many compounds are produced in the marine environment itself. The different sources and their relative importance for the complexation of trace metals in estuaries, coastal seas and open ocean are riverine input, runoff from the coastal zone, resuspension, import of water mases, atmospheric input and in situ biological production. 

Fig. 4. Electrophoretic mobilities (Ug)of natural (untreated) - curve A - and treated particles as a function of salinity (S°/°<>) for two sets of samples from Keithing Burn (KB 1 open symbols - 31 March 1982 KB 2 closed symbols - 30 dune 1982). Shaded area B indicates the spread of results from other estuaries (redrawn from Fig. 3 of Hunter and Liss 1979). Curve D - suspended particles centrifuged and resuspended in UV- oxidized sample supernatant and then UV-oxidized. Curve C - natural samples (particles plus supernatant) UV-oxidized. Curve E - sample supernatant UV-oxidized to form new particles (UV-PPT). Several UV-PPT samples from KB2 were centrifuged and the particles resuspended in their original untreated sample supernatant. The resulting changes in Ug are indicated by the dashed lines (asterisks - final values). Keithing Burn suspended matter is mostly composed of iron oxides (after Loder and Liss, 1985).

A good example of such a step is the U.S./Russian expedition of 1995 which obtained on-site measurements of pollution levels in the Yenisey and its tributary the Angara, in its attempt to investigate the likely origins of land-based sources contributing to pollution levels in the Yenisey estuary. 

Eutrophication Processes in Coastal Systems Origin and Succession of Plankton Blooms and Effects on Secondary Production in Gulf Coast Estuaries, Robert J. Livingston Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits, David S. Cronan Handbook for Restoring Tidal Wetlands, Joy B. Zedler Intertidal Deposits River Mouths, Tidal Flats, and Coastal Lagoons, Doeke Eisma... 

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