Estrogenic hormones conjugation

While only steroids against asthma come high on the above lists, the chemical class as a whole plays an unusual role, being the active component of oral contraceptives some anti-asthma drugs some anti-inflammatories and conjugated estrogenic hormone, taken as hormone replacement therapy by meno-pansal women. Some other chemical classes resemble steroids in being therapentically active in a nnmber of areas, and the most important of these are shown in Table 45.3. 

Chem. Common. 1967, 1253 Marshall, Deghenghi, Can, J Chem. 47, 3127 (1969). Component of Conjugated Estrogenic Hormones, q.v. Review of synthetic studies Taub, "Naturally Occurring Aromatic Steroids in The Total Synthesis of Natural Products vol, 2, J. ApSimon, Ed. (John Wiley Sons. New York, 1973) pp 664-670,... 

Hormone replacement therapy Estrogen component Conjugated estrogens, estradiol, estrone, eetriol Progestin component Progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate... 

Design, synthesis and biochemical evaluation of novel estrogen-receptor conjugates for the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer... 

The main source of hormones is thus the excretions of the human population and livestock. The make-up and rate of hormone excretion by humans and animals varies as a function of their sex, age, state of reproduction and development, and for animals, their species (Table 3 [67, 79-83]). Human excretions are generally collected in sewers, while animal hormones are concentrated in manure thus, high levels of free and conjugated estrogens have been measured in raw sewage and manure [67, 79, 84-88]. Human hormones will eventually enter the environment mainly via wastewater treatment plants while hormones produced by animals reach the environment via direct excretion in fields or by manure spreading (treated or not) on the land. 

Low-dose hormone therapy (conjugated equine estrogen 0.45 mg and medroxyprogesterone acetate 1.5 mg/day) has demonstrated equivalent symptom relief and bone density preservation without an increase in endometrial hyperplasia. Whether such lower doses will be safer (cause less venous thromboembolism and breast cancer) remains to be seen. 

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