Estrogen plasma membrane

Kelly, M. J. and Levin, E. R. Rapid actions of plasma membrane estrogen receptors. Trends Endo. Metab. 12 152-156,2001. 

Levin ER (2002) Cellular functions of plasma membrane estrogen receptors. Steroids 67 471... 

Hardy SP, Valverde MA (1994) Novel plasma membrane action of estrogen and antiestrogens revealed by their regulation of a large conductance chloride channel. FASEB J 8(10) 760-765... 

Azuma K, Horie K, Inoue S, Ouchi Y, Sakai R (2004) Analysis of estrogen receptor a signalling complex at the plasma membrane. FEBS Lett 577 339-344... 

Navarro CE, Abdul Saeed S, Murdock C, Martinez-Fuentes AJ, Arora KK, Krsman-ovic LZ, Catt KJ (2003) Regulation of cyclic adenosine 3, 5 -monophosphate signaling and pulsatile neurosecretion by G,-coupled plasma membrane estrogen receptors in immortalized gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Mol Endocrinol 17 1792-... 

Razandi M, Pedram A, Merchenthaler I, Greene GL, Levin ER (2004) Plasma membrane estrogen receptors exist and function as dimers. Mol Endocrinol 18 2854-2865... 

Li L, Haynes MP, Bender JR (2003) Plasma membrane localization and function of the estrogen receptor alpha variant (ER46) in human endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 4807-4812... 

Although the details of each receptor class in the superfamily vary somewhat, there is a central theme running through all of them. I shall use the estrogen receptor (in fact there are two) as an example. In contrast to many hormone receptors that are anchored in the plasma membrane of the cell, the nuclear receptors are found in the cell cytoplasm or occasionally in the cell nucleus. In the absence of ligand, the receptor proteins are present as large multiprotein complexes, including those... 

GLUT2 + GLUT5Epicatechin gallate Plasma membrane Daizein estrogen receptor... 

Small lipophilic (lipid-soluble) hormones diffuse across the plasma membrane and then interact with intracellular receptors in the cytosol or nucleus. The resulting hormone-receptor complex often binds to regions of the DNA and affects the transcription of certain genes (see Topic G7). Small lipophilic hormones with intracellular receptors include the steroid hormones which are synthesized from cholesterol (see Topic K5) (e.g. the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone), thyroxine which is produced by thyroid cells and is the principal iodinated compound in animals, retinoic acid which is derived from vitamin A, and vitamin D which is synthesized in the skin in response to sunlight (see Topic K5). 

Bouchard G, Yousef IM, Tuchweber B (1993) Influence of oral treatment with ursodeoxycholic and tauroursodeoxy-cholic acids on estrogen induced cholestasis in rats Effects on bile formation and liver plasma membranes. Liver 13 193-202... 

Funakoshi T, Yanai A, Shinoda K, Kawano MM, Mizukami Y. G 46. protein-coupled receptor 30 is an estrogen receptor in the plasma membrane. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2006 346 904-... 

A generic depiction of the mechanism for steroid hormone activity at a target cell is shown in Figure 30-4. The first step consists of dissociation of the hormone from the plasma transport protein and entry into the cell by diffusion across the plasma membrane. In the second step the hormone binds with the receptors in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Receptors for glucocorticoid and aldosterone are found in the cytoplasm and receptors for estrogen and progesterone are found in the nucleus. Recall that receptors for... 

Figure 2. Scheme for isolation of purified plasma membrane fractions from longitudinal muscle of myometrium from estrogenized rats. Variations of the basic approach are used in various smooth muscles. 

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