Esters 1,2,4-triazole

In peptide syntheses, where partial racemization of the chiral a-carbon centers is a serious problem, the application of 1-hydroxy-1 H-benzotriazole ( HBT") and DCC has been very successful in increasing yields and decreasing racemization (W. Kdnig, 1970 G.C. Windridge, 1971 H.R. Bosshard, 1973), l-(Acyloxy)-lif-benzotriazoles or l-acyl-17f-benzo-triazole 3-oxides are formed as reactive intermediates. If carboxylic or phosphoric esters are to be formed from the acids and alcohols using DCC, 4-(pyrrolidin-l -yl)pyridine ( PPY A. Hassner, 1978 K.M. Patel, 1979) and HBT are efficient catalysts even with tert-alkyl, choles-teryl, aryl, and other unreactive alcohols as well as with highly bulky or labile acids. 

HydrOxy-THISs react with diethoxycarbonylazine producing a 1,2,4-triazole via addition, elimination of carbonyl sulfide (29). and subsequent loss of the ester groups (Scheme 20) (30). 

Triazole-l-carboxylic acid, 4-aryloxy-, ethyl ester... 

Triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, 2-(tributylstannyl)-, diethyl ester... 

Azides can use enamines as dipolarophiles for ],3 cycloadditions to form triazolines. These azides can be formate ester azides (186), phenyl azides (187-195), arylsulfony] azides (191-193,196), or benzoylazides (197,198). For example, the reaction between phenyl azide (138) and the piperidine enamine of propionaldehyde (139) gives 1 -phenyl-4-methy l-5-( 1 -piperidino)-4,5-dihydro-l,2,3-triazole (140), exclusively, in a 53% yield (190). None of the isomeric l-phenyl-5-methyl product was formed. This indicates that the... 

Occasionally, addition products of 4//-l,2,4-triazole-3,5-diones or diazenedicarboxylic esters and oxepins have been obtained whose formation can be rationalized by an addition to the 2,4-diene system in the oxepin, e.g. formation of 10.190191 In these cases, the primary adduct usually cannot be isolated, because it undergoes a hetero-Cope rearrangement to a tricyclic or bicyclic structure in which the oxepin oxygen has become part of a carbonyl function.190 191,227... 

The diazotization of heteroaromatic amines is basically analogous to that of aromatic amines. Among the five-membered systems the amino-azoles (pyrroles, diazoles, triazoles, tetrazoles, oxazoles, isooxazoles, thia-, selena-, and dithiazoles) have all been diazotized. In general, diazotization in dilute mineral acid is possible, but diazotization in concentrated sulfuric acid (nitrosylsulfuric acid, see Sec. 2.2) or in organic solvents using an ester of nitrous acid (ethyl or isopentyl nitrite) is often preferable. Amino derivatives of aromatic heterocycles without ring nitrogen (furan and thiophene) can also be diazotized. 

In a typical reaction, a series of C - O linked pyrazinone-triazoles were irradiated with an excess (3.5 equiv) of DMAD in o-DCB. The reactions were completed in 6-20 min at 180 °C, using a maximum irradiation power of 200 W. After spontaneous elimination of the corresponding isocyanate or cyanogen chloride, the pyridines and pyridinones were formed in combined yields of 71-99%. It is noteworthy that the pyrazinones with an aryl moiety at the N-1 position yielded pyridines as major products, while those with ben-zyUc or alkyl ester moieties at the N-1 position furnished the corresponding pyridinones as major products. 

Certain 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,2,4-triazole glyphosate derivatives have been conveniently prepared in a faster, more efficient manner by heating the thionoester intermediates 73 with the appropriate acid hydrazide (61). These versatile thionoesters 73 have been synthesized in nearly quantitative yield from the readily available nitrile 31a, described previously, through the intermediate imidate ester 72. The oxadiazole products such as 70 obtained using this procedure were identical to those obtained from the HHT approach. 

Simple 1,2,4-triazole derivatives played a key role in both the synthesis of functionalized triazoles and in asymmetric synthesis. l-(a-Aminomethyl)-1,2,4-triazoles 4 could be converted into 5 by treatment with enol ethers <96SC357>. The novel C2-symmetric triazole-containing chiral auxiliary (S,S)-4-amino-3,5-bis(l-hydroxyethyl)-l,2,4-triazole, SAT, (6) was prepared firmn (S)-lactic acid and hydrazine hydrate <96TA1621>. This chiral auxiliary was employed to mediate the diastereoselective 1,2-addition of Grignard reagents to the C=N bond of hydrazones. The diastereoselective-alkylation of enolates derived from ethyl ester 7 was mediated by a related auxiliary <96TA1631>. 

Diacetylcyclopropane reacts with 3-amino-l, 2,4-triazole in acetic acid (either aqueous or glacial) to give triazolopyrimidines 28 <%1ZV1322>, whilst a selection of fiised-ring pyrimidines, for example the l,2,3-triazolo[4,S-prepared using amino hetmoarenecarboxamides and esters <96H(42)691 >. 

Intramolecular cycloaddition between an azide and an unsaturated ester (see 300) was the key step in the synthesis of triazole carboxylic acids 302 a, b, prospective anionic sugar mimics (Eq. 33) [79]. 

Esters of a-diazoalkylphosphonic acids (95) show considerable thermal stability but react with acids, dienophiles, and triphenylphosphine to give the expected products. With olefinic compounds in the presence of copper they give cyclopropane derivatives (96), but with no such compounds present vinylphosphonic esters are formed by 1,2-hydrogen shift, or, when this route is not available, products such as (97) or (98) are formed, resulting from insertion of a carbenoid intermediate into C—C or C—H bonds. The related phosphonyl (and phosphoryl) azides (99) add to electron-rich alkynes to give 1,2,3-triazoles, from which the phosphoryl group is readily removed by hydrolysis. 

The following compilation shows the results of a reaction sequence consisting of the conversion of carboxylic acids by A -oxalyldiimidazole (A) or A -oxalyld 1,2,4-triazole) (B) into the corresponding azolides followed by acid-catalyzed reaction with alcohols to give the appropriate esters.tl38]... 

The amino acid attached to a polymer is treated with an vV-protected, carboxyl-activated amino acid to give the supported peptide. In the following reaction the triazolide was formed in situ from the p-nitrophenyl ester and 1,2,4-triazole 1341... 

Triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl)-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole in the presence of 4-rtiorpholine pyridine-1-oxide was used with advantage as a coupling reagent for a solid-phase (p-alkoxybenzyl ester type resin) synthesis of peptides such as Leu-AIa-Gly-Val-OH or Leu-enkephalinamide (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-NHs). The overall yield in the latter case was 70%, the purity of the peptide was 85-90%, and racemization was virtually zero.[38]... 

If CDI is employed as imidazolide, methyl 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoate is obtained in 47% yield. Propionyl-1,2,4-triazole behaves in the same way as the imidazolides, giving similar yields (50%), but the benzotriazolides and benzimidazolides were not as effective. The o-nitrophenyl and p-chlorophenyl esters of propionic acid did not lead to any aromatic products.11185 Similar 5C + 1C condensation reactions are described in references [119] and [120],... 

Amino-1,2,4-triazole has been obtained from orthoformic ester and hydrazine hydrate in a sealed tube at 120° 1 by heating formylhydrazine at 150-210° 2-3-4 by heating N,N -diformyl-hydrazine at 160° 5 by decarboxylation of 4-amino-1,2,4-tria-zoldicarboxylic acid 6 by fusion of l,2-dihydro-l,2,4,5-tetrazine 6 and by heating l,2-dihydro-l,2,4,5-tetrazinedicarboxylic add above its melting point.4-6-7... 

A different result was obtained in the cycloaddition to methylenecyclo-propanes 216-218 tearing alkoxycarbonyl substituents on the cyclopropyl ring. In this instance, 1,2,3-triazoles 220 isomeric with the triazolines 219 were formed in the reaction [57]. The formation of triazoles 220 is rationalised by the intermediate formation of triazolines 219, which are unstable under the reaction conditions and undergo a rearrangement to the aromatic triazoles via a hydrogen transfer that probably occurs with the assistance of the proximal ester carbonyl (Scheme 35). The formation of triazoles 220 also confirms the regio-chemistry of the cycloaddition for the methylene unsubstituted methylene-cyclopropanes, still leaving some doubt for the substituted ones 156 and 157. 

In contrast to the reactions of acyclic ADC compounds, good evidence exists for dipolar intermediates in the reaction of PTAD with enol esters. Vinyl acetate (54, R = Me) and PTAD react in dichloromethane at 60°C to give the triazole 55 via the dipolar intermediate 56.96 When the bulkier... 

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