Escherichia coli isoprenoid production

Anthony JR, Anthony LC, Nowroozi F, Kwon G, Newman JD, Keasling JD (2009) Optimization of the mevalonate-based isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli for production of the anti-malarial drug precursor amorpha-4,11-diene. Metab Eng 11 13-19... 

Anthony JR, Anthony LC, Nowroozi F, Kwon G, Newman JD, Keasling JD (2009) Optimization of the mevalonate-based isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli for production of the anti-malarial drug precursor amorpha-4,11-diene. Metab Eng 11 13-19 Aubel D, Morris R, Lennon B, Rimann M, Kaufmann H, Folcher M, Bailey JE, Thompson CJ, Fussenegger M (2001) Design of a novel mammalian screening system for the detection of bioavailable, non-cytotoxic streptogramin antibiotics. J Antibiot 54 44-55 Baltz RH (2006) Molecular engineering approaches to peptide, polyketide and other antibiotics. Nat Biotechnol 24 1533-1540... 

Ajikumar PK, Xiao W-H, Tyo KEJ, Wang Y, Simeon F, Leonard E, Mucha O, Phon TH, Pfeifer B, Stephanopoulos G (2010) Isoprenoid pathway optimization for taxol precursor overproduction m Escherichia coli. Science 330(6000) 70-74. doi 10.1126/science.l 191652 Albrecht M, Misawa N, Sandmann G (1999) Metabolic engineering of the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway of Escherichia coli for production of the carotenoids p-carotene and zeaxanthin. Biotechnol Lett 21(9) 791-795... 

Wang, C.W., Oh, M.K., and Liao, J.C., Engineered isoprenoid pathway enhances astaxanthin production in Escherichia coli, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 62, 235, 1999. 

Rodriguez-Concepcion, M., Campos, N., Lois, L.M. et al. (2000) Genetic evidence of branching in the isoprenoid pathway for the production of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate in Escherichia coli. FEBS Letters, 473, 328-332. 

Pitera, D.J., Paddon, C.J., Newman, J.D. and Keasling, J.D. (2007) Balancing a heterologous mevalonate pathway for improved isoprenoid production in Escherichia coli. Metabolic Engineering, 9, 193-207. 

Figure 9.2. The inherent metabolic flexibility of the isoprenoid pathway leading to the synthesis of some carotenoid pigments. Genes coding for two enzymes capable of acting on carotenoid structures were introduced into Escherichia coli which had already been transformed to give it the capacity to make p,p-carotene. Both of the two introduced new enzymes (one shown with red arrows and the other with blue arrows) acted on multiple substrates because of their lack of specificity. The resulting matrix of transformations means that nine different products can be made by just two tailoring enzymes. (Adapted from Umeno et al. ° who used data from Misawa et al. °)...

Of the two existing isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways (Fig. 3), DXP is used by most prokaryotes for production of IPP and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) [65,66]. With the available knowledge of the genes involved in the DXP pathway, several groups have studied the impact of changed expression levels of these genes on the production of reporter terpenoids. Farmer and liao reconstructed the isoprene biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli (E. colt) to produce lycopene, which was used as an indication... 

Leonard E, Koffas MA (2007) Engineering of artificial plant cytochrome P450 enzymes for synthesis of isoflavones by Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 73 7246-7251 Kizer L, Pitera DJ, Pfleger BE, Keasling JD (2008) Application of functional genomics to pathway optimization for increased isoprenoid production. Appl Environ Microbiol 74 3229-3241... 

The evidence that (- )-shikimic acid plays a central role in aromatic biosynthesis was obtained by Davis with a variety of nutritionally deficient mutants of Escherichia coli. In one group of mutants with a multiple requirement for L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan and p-aminobenzoic acid and a partial requirement for p-hydroxybenzoic acid, (—)-shikimic acid substituted for all the aromatic compounds. The quintuple requirement for aromatic compounds which these mutants displayed arises from the fact that, besides furnishing a metabolic route to the three aromatic a-amino acids, the shikimate pathway also provides in micro-organisms a means of synthesis of other essential metabolites, and in particular, the various isoprenoid quinones involved in electron transport and the folic acid group of co-enzymes. The biosynthesis of both of these groups of compounds is discussed below. In addition the biosynthesis of a range of structurally diverse metabolites, which are derived from intermediates and occasionally end-products of the pathway, is outlined. These metabolites are restricted to certain types of organism and their function, if any, is in the majority of cases obscure. 

Lee, S.H. et al. (2007) Increased beta-carotene production in recombinant Escherichia coli harboring an engineered isoprenoid precursor pathway with mevalonate addition. BiotechnoL Progr, 23, 599-605. 

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