Erionite

Figure C2.12.4. Typical polyhedra found in zeolites (a) sodalite cage found in sodalite, zeolite A or faujasite (b) cancrinite or a-cage found in cancrinite, erionite, offretite or gmelinite (c) the 5-ring polyhedron found in ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 (d) the large cavity of the faujasite stmcture and (e) the a-cage fonning the large cavity in zeolite A.

Likewise, the related zeolite mineral clinoptolite is an active stimulant of macrophage chemiluminescence (Velichkovsky et al., 1983). Evidence of the genotoxic and clastogenic activity of erionite to cultured cells has also been presented (Poole et al., 1983 Kelsey et al., 1986). 

The catalyst used for the conversion of methanol to gasoline is based on a new class of shape-selective zeolites (105-108), known as ZSM-5 zeolites, with structures distinctly different from other well-known zeolites. Apparently, the pore dimensions of the ZSM-5 zeolites are intermediate between those of wide-pore faujasites (ca. 10 A) and very narrow-pore zeolites such as Zeolite A and erionite (ca. 5 A) (109). The available structural data indicate a lattice of interconnecting pores all having approximately the same diameter (101). Hydrocarbon formation... 

One of the earliest direct bonuses of imaging zeolitic catalysts by HRTEM was the discovery (10) that the nominally phase-pure ZSM-5 (structure code MFI) contained sub-unit-cell coherent intergrowths of ZSM-11 (MEL). It soon became apparent (46) that, depending on the mode of synthesis of these and other pentasil (zeolitic) catalysts, some specimens of ZSM-5 contained recurrent (regular) intergrowths of ZSM-11. It also emerged that intergrowths of offretite and erionite are features of both nominally phase-pure erionite and of pure offretite and of many members of the so-called ABC-6 family of zeolites (47). 

Erectile dysfunction, therapeutics for, 5 182-183t Ergocalciferol, 25 791 Ergonovine, 2 93-94 Ergosterol, 25 791 Ergotamine, 2 93-94 Ergotism, alkaloid role in, 2 75 Ergun equation, 11 332-333, 767 Erionite, 3 289... 

Reactions with acids. Hydrochloric acid was used in the dealumination of clinoptilolite (1), erionite (14) and mor-denite (2,3,15,92). In the case of Y zeolite, dealumination with mineral acids was successful only after conversion of the zeolite into the ultrastable form (vide infra). Barrer and Makki (1) were the first to propose a mechanism for the removal of aluminum from mordenite by mineral acids. It involves the extraction of aluminum in a soluble form and its replacement by a nest of four hydroxyl groups as follows ... 

Reactions with salts. This procedure is more limited and is illustrated by the use of chromium chloride solutions under reflux for partial dealumination of Y and X zeolites (19), as well as of erionite (20). It is assumed that in this case a partial substitution of chromium for aluminum takes place, leading to the formation of Si-O-Cr bonds in the framework (19). Up to 40 percent of aluminum was removed by this method. Zeolites can also be dealuminated with solutions of ammonium fluorosilicate (107). 

The direct high-pressure animation of ethylene with ammonia to give ethylamine occurs in the presence of acidic zeolite catalysts such as H-elinoptilolite, H-erionite or H-offretite38. Primary amines R1NH2(R1 = Bu, cyclohexyl, PhCH2, Ph or Ar) have been monoalkylated by reaction with di-t-butyl dicarbonate, followed by successive treatment of... 

There is no systematic nomenclature developed for molecular sieve materials. The discoverer of a synthehc species based on a characteristic X-ray powder diffraction pattern and chemical composihon typicaUy assigns trivial symbols. The early syn-thehc materials discovered by Milton, Breck and coworkers at Uruon Carbide used the modem Lahn alphabet, for example, zeoHtes A, B, X, Y, L. The use of the Greek alphabet was inihated by Mobil and Union Carbide with the zeoHtes alpha, beta, omega. Many of the synthetic zeoHtes which have the structural topology of mineral zeoHte species were assigned the name of the mineral, for example, syn-thehc mordenite, chabazite, erionite and offretite.The molecular sieve Hterature is replete with acronyms ZSM-5, -11, ZK-4 (Mobil), EU-1, FU-1, NU-1 (ICI), LZ-210, AlPO, SAPO, MeAPO, etc. (Union Carbide, UOP) and ECR-1 (Exxon). The one pubHcaHon on nomenclature by lUPAC in 1979 is Hmited to the then-known zeoHte-type materials [3]. 

Commercially significant zeolites include the synthetic zeolites type A (LTA), X (FAU), Y (FAU), L (LTL), mordenite (MOR), ZSM-5 (MFI), beta ( BEA/BEC), MCM-22 (MTW), zeolites E (EDI) andW (MER) and the natural zeolites mordenite (MOR), chabazite (CHA), erionite (ERl) and clinoptiloUte (HEU). Details of the structures of some of these are given in this section. Tables in each section lists the type material (the common name for the material for which the three letter code was established), the chemical formula representative of the unit cell contents for the type material, the space group and lattice parameters, the pore structure and known mineral and synthetic forms. 

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