Erectile dysfunction risk factors

Sadeghi-Nejad H, Sherman N, Lue J. Comparison of finasteride and alpha-blockers as independent risk factors for erectile dysfunction. Int J Clin Pract 2003 57 484-7. 

Risk factors for erectile dysfunction (ED) and coronaiy heart disease Endothelial dysfunction (ED) = Erectile dysfunction (ED). Source From Ref. 9. 

Bortolotti A, Parazzini F Colli E, et al. The epidemiology of erectile dysfunction and its risk factors. Int J Androl 1997 20 323-334. 

Montrosi F Briganti I, Salonia A, et al. Erectile dysfunction prevalence, time of onset and association with risk factors in 300 consecutive patients with acute chest pain and angio-graphically documented coronary artery disease. Eur Urol 2003 44 360-365. 

Bocchio M, Desideri G, Scarpelli P et al. Endothelial cell activation in men with erectile dysfunction without cardiovascular risk factors and overt vascular damage. J Urol. 2004 171 1601-1604. 

Wierzbicki AS, Solomon H, Lumb PJ, et al. Asymmetric dimethyl arginine levels correlate with cardiovascular risk factors in patients with erectile dysfunction. Atherosclerosis 2006 I 85 421-425. 

The first step in clinical management of erectile dysfunction is to identify, and if possible to reverse, underlying causes. Risk factors for erectile dysfunction, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, or chronic ethanol abuse, should be addressed and mini-... 

A medical history should be obtained to identify concurrent medical illnesses that are risk factors for organic or psychogenic erectile dysfunction. If these underlying diseases are not optimally responding to treatment, this should be addressed before specific treatment for erectile dysfunction is initiated. Also, if the patient smokes cigarettes, drinks excessive amounts of ethanol, or uses recreational drugs, these social habits should be discontinued before specific treatment for erectile dysfunction is started. 

Erectile dysfunction is a frequently encountered problem whose risk factors parallel those of coronary artery disease (CAD). Thus many men desiring therapy for erectile dysfunction already may be receiving (or may require, especially if they increase physical activity) antianginal therapy. The combination of sildenafil and other phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors with orgaific nitrate vasodilators can cause extreme hypotension. 

The nurse should assess how the client has been controlling his HTN and ask specifically about erectile dysfunction related to hypertensive medication. HTN is a risk factor for developing other cardiovascular diseases, including stroke. This client has two risk factors for developing a stroke HTN and his racial background. 

Vascular pathology may involve lesions of the inflow or outflow mechanisms of penile erection. Erectile dysfunction may be a manifestation of generalized atherosclerosis and may even be its initial presentation. Common risk factors associated with generalized penile arterial insufficiency include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, and pelvic irradiation (Rosen et al. 1991). Less commonly, local stenosis of the conunon penile artery may occur in men who have sustained blunt pelvic or perineal trauma (Levine et al. 1990). 

Erectile dysfunction has been defined by the National Institute of Health (NIH) as the inability to achieve and/or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Discordant data have been reported on erectile dysfunction epidemiology with prevalence ranging from 12% to 52%. A recent study reported a prevalence of 12.8% in Italy (Foresta et al. 2005). French epidemiological studies estimate that the prevalence of erectile dysfunction is between 11% and 44%. Prevalence surveys show a correlation with age the relative risk of erectile dysfunction increases by a factor of 2 to 4 between the ages of 40 and 70 years (Costa et al. 2005). 

Baseline diagnostic evaluation for erectile dysfunction can identify the underlying pathological conditions and associated risk factors in 80% of patients. Such screening may diagnose reversible causes of erectile dysfunction and also unmasks medical conditions that manifest with erectile dysfunction as the first symptom (Hatzichristou et al. 2002). 

Barrett-Connor E (2004) Cardiovascular risk stratification and cardiovascular risk factors associated with erectile dysfunction assessing cardiovascular risk in men with erectile dysfunction. Clin Cardiol 27 18-13 Costa P, Grivel T, Giuliano F et al (2005) [Erectile dysfunction a sentinel symptom ]. Prog Urol 15 203-207 El-Sakka Al, Morsy AM, Fagih Bl, Nassar AFl (2004) Coronary artery risk factors in patients with erectile dysfunction. J Urol 172 251-254... 

El-Bahnasawy MS, Dawood A, Farouk A (2002) Low-flow priapism risk factors for erectile dysfunction. BJU Int 89 285-290... 

Horger DC, Wingo MS, Keane TE (2005) Partial segmental thrombosis of corpus cavernosum case report and review of world literature. Urology 66 194 Karpman E, Das S, Kurzrock EA (2003) Penile calciphylaxis analysis of risk factors and mortality. J Urol 169 2206-2209 Kelami A (1984) Urethral manipulation syndrome. Description of a new syndrome. Urol Int 39 352-354 Kim S (2001) Imaging for evaluation of erectile dysfunction. 

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