Discordant data

LiX wNH3 (c). Bonnefoi1 measured the heats of solution of the mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrammines of LiCl and LiBr, and also the temperature coefficient of their dissociation pressures. Biltz and Hansen1 measured the temperature coefficient of the dissociation pressures of the ammines of LiCl containing 4 and 5 moles of NH3 and of Lil with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 moles of NH3 and of Lil with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5J, and 7 moles of NH3. Ephraim5 obtained similar but discordant data on Lil 4NH3 (c). 

We now assume that the least-squares refinement has converged satisfactorily, that any necessary rejection of discordant data has taken place before the final cycles were carried out, and that statistical tests on the weighted residuals have given reassuring results. It is now appropriate to estimate the uncertainties in the determined values of the adjustable parameters a,.f... 

Reject any obviously bad points (see Rejection of Discordant Data). 

Despite some discordant data , it seems that phenylbutazone does not affect the tuberculin reaction in BCG-infected guinea-pigs > . 

If we assume that our sample standard deviation of 0.89 °C is a good estimate of the population standard deviation, our data point of 39.75 °C is 3.01 standard deviations away from the mean. From the table of the error function in Appendix G, the probability of a randomly chosen member of a population differing from the mean by this much or more is 0.003, or 0.3%. There is considerable justification for asserting that such an improbable event was due not to random experimental errors but to some kind of a mistake, such as misreading a thermometer. If you assume this, you discard the suspect data point and recompute the mean and standard deviation just as though the discordant data point had not existed. Do not discard more than one data point from a set of data. If two or more apparently discordant data points occur in a set, you should regard it as a signal that the data simply have low precision. 

Erectile dysfunction has been defined by the National Institute of Health (NIH) as the inability to achieve and/or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Discordant data have been reported on erectile dysfunction epidemiology with prevalence ranging from 12% to 52%. A recent study reported a prevalence of 12.8% in Italy (Foresta et al. 2005). French epidemiological studies estimate that the prevalence of erectile dysfunction is between 11% and 44%. Prevalence surveys show a correlation with age the relative risk of erectile dysfunction increases by a factor of 2 to 4 between the ages of 40 and 70 years (Costa et al. 2005). 

This chapter has introduced the construct of the recovery window in high-risk organizations and analyzed the 16-day window that ended in the breakup of the Columbia. Our analysis characterized the response to the foam threat as confirmatory in nature those involved discounted the risk, did not seek discordant data and perspectives, and failed to explore possible compensatory action. We have described an alternative - the exploratory response - and proposed that this pattern of behavior may provide a mechanism through which organizations can increase their collective learning capacity. 

Since the AHp may be obtained in different ways (e.g., measured by calorimetric techniques, estimated by comparing the experimental combustion heats of laaams and of the corresponding polymers in the amorphous state, or calculated from the enthalpies of cyclization), discordant data are found in literature. For instance, values reported for the enthalpy of CL polymerization range from -13.8 to -15.4 kJ mol". ... 

There are several different rules for deciding whether to discard a discordant data point. Some people discard data... 

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