Equivalent composite technique

It has been suggested that conventional dietary assessment techniques, in conjunction with food tables, do not provide realistic estimates of micronutrient intakes and that accurate data on dietary intake of such nutrients can only be obtained by direct chemical analysis of foods or diets (Abdulla et aL, 1989 Bro et aL, 1990). There are three different methods of collecting data for direct chemical analysis (duplicate portion technique, aliquot samphng technique and equivalent composite technique) however, the most precise method of direct chemical analysis is the duplicate portion technique, as it directly measures actual nutrient intake (West and van Staveren, 1997). 

Paquette, J. W., Kim, K. J., Nam, J.-D. and Tak, Y. S. (2003). An Equivalent Circuit Model for Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites and their Performance Improvement by a Clay-Based Polymer Nano-Composite Technique, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 14, 10, pp. 633-642. 

Paquette JW, Kim KJ, Nam ID et al (2003) An equivalent circuit model for ionic polymer-metal composites and their performance improvement by a clay-based polymer nano-composite technique. J Intell Mater Syst Stmct 14 633-642... 

Although these composite fibers were developed for reverse osmosis their acceptance in the desalination industry has been limited due to insufficient selectivity and oxidative stabiUty. The concept, however, is extremely viable composite membrane fiat films made from interfacial polymerisation (20) have gained wide industry approval. HoUow fibers using this technique to give equivalent properties and life, yet to be developed, should be market tested during the 1990s. 

Vessel heads can be made from explosion-bonded clads, either by conventional cold- or by hot-forming techniques. The latter involves thermal exposure and is equivalent in effect to a heat treatment. The backing metal properties, bond continuity, and bond strength are guaranteed to the same specifications as the composite from which the head is formed. AppHcations such as chemical-process vessels and transition joints represent approximately 90% of the industrial use of explosion cladding. 

Recently, Teymour and coworkers developed an interesting computational technique called the digital encoding for copolymerization compositional modeling [20,21], Their method uses symbolic binary arithmetic to represent the architecture of a copolymer chain. Here, each binary number describes the exact monomer sequence on a specific polymer chain, and its decimal equivalent is a unique identifier for this chain. Teymour et al. claim that the... 

Analysis by the Detection of Scattered Ions. Ions generally penetrate the specimen much less deeply than electrons of equivalent energy, so they are more surface-sensitive. Ion-based surface analytical techniques are popular because of their sensitivity and their ability, in some cases, to reveal the depth composition profile. 

Not surprisingly, Zeleznik and Gordon (1960,1968) and Brinkley (1960) proved that the two methods were computationally and conceptually equivalent. The balanced reactions of the equilibrium constant method are counterparts to the species compositions required by the minimization technique in fact, given the same choice of components, the reactions and expressions of species compositions take the same form. 

If a solution forms part of an electrochemical cell, the potential of the cell, the current flowing through it and its resistance are all determined by the chemical composition of the solution. Quantitative and qualitative information can thus be obtained by measuring one or more of these electrical properties under controlled conditions. Direct measurements can be made in which sample solutions are compared with standards alternatively, the changes in an electrical property during the course of a titration can be followed to enable the equivalence point to be detected. Before considering the individual electrochemical techniques, some fundamental aspects of electrochemistry will be summarized in this section. 

In this orthorhombic structure, superconductivity is not observed, and two inequivalent Bi sites are observed. A cubic, but non-superconducting specimen has been reported (10) for x =. 13. In this structure, all Bi sites are equivalent, and a metallic or delocalized electronic structure would be expected to exist. This structure apparently persists into the superconducting compositions, where it has been observed for x =. 374 (4) which displays a Tc of 30.5 K. A cubic phase has also been reported for x =. 6, with Tc = 34K. The limit of this solid solution which may be at or beyond this x =. 6 composition, may be dependent upon synthesis temperature and technique. Indications of phase disproportionation at these high x values have been published by Jones et al. (11). 

The equivalence ratio can be calculated from the Mark-Houwink coefficient, K, of component homopolymers. The composition distribution in the chromatogram of a block copolymer is negligible. The peak point of a block copolymer chromatogram corresponds to the average structure of the polymer. Thus, analysis of block copolymers is reduced to analysis of the peak point. Analyses of anionic block copolymer structures have been successfully accomplished by this peak analysis technique with the aid of equivalence ratio. 

PPB. Parts per billion. One part per billion is a frequently used dimension for expressing the composition and analysis of substances—as found in air, water, food substances, etc. Instrument developments and other assay techniques perfected during the past decade or so have made the determination of such minute quantities a practical possibility for many materials. One part per billion is approximately equivalent to 1 drop in a 10,000-gall on (37,850-liter) tank. 

The term physical composition (or bulk composition) refers to the composition of crude oil as determined by various physical techniques. For example, the separation of petroleum using solvents and adsorbents (Altgelt and Boduszynski, 1994 Speight, 1999) into various bulk fractions (Figure 3-8) determines the physical composition of crude oil. However, in many instances, the physical composition may not be equivalent to the chemical composition. These methods of separation are not always related to chemical properties and the terminology applied to the resulting fractions is often a terminology of convenience. 

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