Inhomogeneous equations

Equation (1.33) has been written in a form that motivates the use of a Green s function solution. The term on the righthand side represents the action of the dielectric properties of the material and formally renders this equation inhomogeneous. The Green s function, G (x, x ), is the solution to the following inhomogeneous equation,... 

Although still used the Langmuir equation is only of limited value since in practice surfaces are energetic inhomogeneous and interactions between adsorbed species often occur. 

A novel optimization approach based on the Newton-Kantorovich iterative scheme applied to the Riccati equation describing the reflection from the inhomogeneous half-space was proposed recently [7]. The method works well with complicated highly contrasted dielectric profiles and retains stability with respect to the noise in the input data. However, this algorithm like others needs the measurement data to be given in a broad frequency band. In this work, the method is improved to be valid for the input data obtained in an essentially restricted frequency band, i.e. when both low and high frequency data are not available. This... 

Consider the reflection of a normally incident time-harmonic electromagnetic wave from an inhomogeneous layered medium of unknown refractive index n(x). The complex reflection coefficient r(k,x) satisfies the Riccati nonlinear differential equation [2] ... 

In the same way, with similar assumptions, we obtain the (inhomogeneous) differential equation for the components of X13... 

Equation (5), however, would apply only to a perfectly packed column so Van Deemter introduced a constant (2X) to account for the inhomogeneity of real packing (for ideal packing (X) would take the value of 0.5). Consequently, his expression for the multi-path contribution to the total variance per unit length for the column (Hm) is... 

Equations (2.9) and (2.10) are representative of all isotropic, homogeneous solids, regardless of the stress-strain relations of a solid. What is strongly materials specific and uncertain is the appropriate value for shear stress, particularly if materials are in an inelastic condition or anisotropic, inhomogeneous properties are involved. The limiting shear stress controlled by strength is termed r. ... 

In contrast, because of the spatially variable (inhomogeneous) nature of material in a composite stiffener, the bending stiffness cannot be separated into a material factor times a geometric term as in Equation (7.6). Instead, the composite stiffener bending stiffness is... 

Integral equations have been developed for inhomogeneous fluids. One such integral equation is that of Henderson, Abraham and Barker (HAB) [88] who assumed the OZ equation for a mixture and regarded the surface as a giant particle. For planar geometry they obtained... 

Recently, the HAB approach plus the MV closure has been applied both to hard spheres near a single hard wall [24,25] and in a slit formed by two hard walls. Some results [99] for the latter system are compared with simulation results in Fig. 7. The results obtained from the HAB equation with the HNC and PY closures are not very satisfactory. However, if the MV closure is used, the results are quite good. There have been a few apphcations of the HAB equation to inhomogeneous fluids with attractive interactions. The results have not been very good. The fault hes with the closure used and not Eq. (78). A better closure is needed. Perhaps the DHH closure [27,28] would yield good results, but it has never been tried. 

A more sophisticated approach, but one that is more demanding of computational resources, is based on the inhomogeneous OZ (lOZ) equation... 

It is desirable to have a systematic procedure for going beyond these approximations. Attard [110] has suggested using Eq. (80) for this purpose. In an application to a homogeneous fluid, we use Eq. (80) but regard the source of the inhomogeneity as one of the molecules. When Eq. (80) is used in this manner, we shall call it the OZ2 equation. 

Integral equations provide a satisfactory formalism for the study of homogeneous and inhomogeneous fluids. If the usual OZ equation is used, the best results are obtained from semiempirical closures such as the MV and DHH closures. However, this empirical element can be avoided by using integral equations that involve higher-order distribution functions, but at the cost of some computational complexity. 

Eq. (5) is useful when analyzing different approximations in the theory of inhomogeneous fluids. In particular, if all the terms involving third- and higher-order correlations in the right-hand side of Eq. (5) are neglected, and if Pi(ro))P2( o)i )Pv( o) are chosen as the densities of species for a uniform system at temperature T and the chemical potentials p,, the singlet hypemetted chain equation (HNCl) [50] results... 

A set of equations (15)-(17) represents the background of the so-called second-order or pair theory. If these equations are supplemented by an approximate relation between direct and pair correlation functions the problem becomes complete. Its numerical solution provides not only the density profile but also the pair correlation functions for a nonuniform fluid [55-58]. In the majority of previous studies of inhomogeneous simple fluids, the inhomogeneous Percus-Yevick approximation (PY2) has been used. It reads... 

The multidensity Ornstein-Zernike equation (70) and the self-consistency relation (71) actually describe a nonuniform system. To solve these equations numerically for inhomogeneous fluids one needs only an appropriate generalization of the Lowett-Mou-Buff-Wertheim equation (14). Such a generalization, employing the concept of the partial correlation function has been considered in Refs. 34,35. 

These two equations represent the assoeiative analogue of Eq. (14) for the partial one-partiele eavity funetion. It is eonvenient to use equivalent equations eontaining the inhomogeneous total pair eorrelation funetions. Similarly to the theory of inhomogeneous nonassoeiating fluids, this equiva-lenee is established by using the multidensity Ornstein-Zernike equation (68). Eq. (14) then reduees to [35]... 

D. Henderson. Integral equation theories for inhomogeneous fluids. In D. Henderson, ed. Fundamentals of Inhomogeneous Fluids. New York Marcel Dekker, 1992. 

Sec. 4 is concerned with the development of the theory of inhomogeneous partly quenched systems. The theory involves the inhomogeneous, or second-order, replica OZ equations and the Born-Green-Yvon equation for the density profile of adsorbed fluid in disordered media. Some computer simulation results are also given. 

To the best of our knowledge, there was only one attempt to consider inhomogeneous fluids adsorbed in disordered porous media [31] before our recent studies [32,33]. Inhomogeneous rephca Ornstein-Zernike equations, complemented by either the Born-Green-Yvon (BGY) or the Lovett-Mou-Buff-Wertheim (LMBW) equation for density profiles, have been proposed to study adsorption of a fluid near a plane boundary of a disordered matrix, which has been assumed uniform in a half-space [31]. However, the theory has not been complemented by any numerical solution. Our main goal is to consider a simple model for adsorption of a simple fluid in confined porous media and to solve it. In this section we follow our previously reported work [32,33]. 

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