Epithelium esophageal

High Urinary bladder epithelium, esophageal epithelium, gastric mucosa, and mucus membranes. 

We have recently shown, in Seg-1 cells derived from a patient with esophageal adenocarcinoma, that bile acids and low pH induce the dramatic formation of autophagic vacuoles (unpublished data). We also showed that persistent treatment of Het-IA cells (derived from normal human esophageal squamous epithelium) with a bile-acid cocktail and low pH resulted in the development of mutated clones that contain a partly duplicated chromosome 16 (unpublished data from a CGH microarray). In addition to other protective genes, this chromosome 16 duplication resulted in the duplication of the major ATPase necessary for the acidification of vesicles associated with the autophagic process. 

Fig. 3. Immunohistochemical expression of (a) hK7 by the epithelium of eccrine glands of the skin (monoclonal antibody, clone 73.2), (b) hK13 by the epithelium of the bronchus (monoclonal antibody, clone IIC1), (c) hK5 by the ductal epithelium of the parotid gland (polyclonal antibody), (d) hK7 by the esophageal glands (monoclonal antibody, clone 73.2), (e) hK13 by the gastric mucosa (monoclonal antibody, clone 2-17), (f) hK6 by the large intestine mucosa (polyclonal antibody), (g) hK10 in an islet of Langerhans in the pancreas (monoclonal antibody, clone 5D3), (h) hKll by the epithelium of the urinary tubuli (monoclonal antibody), (i) hKll by a papillary renal cell carcinoma (monoclonal antibody).

Table V. Comparison of Tissue Zinc Concentration and Esophageal Epithelium Changes in Zinc Deficient Alcohol (ZDA) Diet Fed Rats and Their Corresponding Zinc Deficient (ZD)...

Esophageal cancer can also be influenced by other nutrients. Riboflavin (B ) deficiency results in severe changes in the epithelium of the oral tissues and esophagus in rats and primates. The effects of riboflavin deficiency in human populations are well known (29,30) but animal models for investigation of consequences of the deficiency have been used very little. 

Dr. Henry Foy (personal communication) has drawn attention to the severe effects of riboflavin deficiency in the baboon, with particular attention to the dysplasia of the epithelium of the oral cavity and esophagus. Dr. Foy has pursued these studies for many years at the Wellcome Research Laboratories in Nairobi. We have observed similar lesions in the Rhesus monkey, and have further pursued the effects of riboflavin deficiency in the rat. We have superimposed an esophageal carcinogen (MBN) on the deprived, damaged oral cavity and esophageal epithelium. Table IX lists results of a five month study, emphasizing the profound enhancement the deficiency can have on the esophagus (31). 

Two-thirds of patients treated with cyclophosphamide orally for 4 months plus intravenous 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate for breast cancer developed Barrett s epithelium (16), perhaps as a result of esophagitis, rather than through mucosal re-epithelialization by undifferentiated stem cells (17). 

A rare but potentially serious skin reaction to penicillamine is cicatricial pemphigoid (312,313). These patients can have symblepharon and entropion of the eyes, ulcers in the mouth, and blistering lesions on the trunk, extremities, and perineum (314). Involvement of the esophageal or vaginal epithelium can cause stenosis. 

Portal pressure may be reduced pharmacologically. Numerous studies have shown that treatment with P-adrenergic receptor blockers is highly effective in reducing likelihood of bleeding from esophageal varices, and use of P-blockers is now considered the standard of care in individuals with portal hypertension, even if varices have not been documented.As with aU vascular epithelium, resistance is modulated by interaction between vasodilators, such... 

Daniely Y, Liao G, Dixon D, et al. Critical role of p63 in the development of a normal esophageal and tracheobronchial epithelium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2004 287 C171-C181. 

Zhu, Y, Leong, M.R, Ong, W.R, Chan-Park, M.B. and Chian, K.S. 2007. Esophageal epithelium regeneration on fibronectin grafted poly(L-lactideco-caprolactone) (PLLC) nanofiber scaffold, 28 861-868. 

The human esophageal epithelium is a multilayered, stratified squamous epithelium. Afferent nerves are present, reaching into the superficial layers of the epithelium. With incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), acid reflux results with consequently the possibility of pain and damage to the epithelium. 

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