Epithelium angiogenesis

Activated VEGFR1 alone, however, has relatively weak tyrosine kinase activity and may be insufficient to stimulate endothelial cell proliferation [20]. On the other hand, inhibition of angiogenesis by factors such as pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is associated with reduced VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR1 [23],... 

Cai J, Jiang WG, Grant MB, Boulton M. Pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits angiogenesis via regulated intracellular proteolysis of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1. J Biol Chem 2006 281 3604-3613. 

Dawson DW, Volpert OV, Gillis P, Crawford SE, Xu H, Benedict W, et al. Pigment epithelium-derived factor A potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Science 1999 285 245-248. 

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory conditions which affect the gastrointestinal tract. They are characterized by a localized or diffuse granulomatous inflammatory process, accompanied by systemic manifestations. As ulceration and regeneration of the intestinal epithelium occurs during the course of the disease, angiogenesis is undoubtedly an integral part of the IBD pathology [148]. 

Increased microvascularity or angiogenic squamous dysplasia [68,74]. The presence of capillary sized blood vessels juxtaposed to and projecting into dysplastic epithelium has been shown in dysplastic lesions compatible with the pattern of tortuous capillaries shown with high magnification broncho-videoscope indicating increased angiogenesis [75]. 

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