Epithelial cells urinary biomarkers

The unique distribution of various enzymes along the length of the nephron provides the potential for identifying the specific injury site. Enzymes may not be uniformly distributed along or between nephrons thus the site selechvity of single enzymes is questionable, however it should be possible to localize the area of kidney damage on the basis of the pattern of enzymuria. While many urinary enzymes have been evaluated [169] as markers of damage or dysfunction of tubular epithelial cells [162,170], only a small number are considered to be valuable as biomarkers[152]. 

More recently, kidney tissue injury biomarkers including urinary NAG, a-GST, calbindin D28, RPA-1, and other constituents of renal tubule epithelial cell brush border membranes and cytoplasm are used for the evaluation of drug-induced direct kidney tissue damage (de Geus et al., 2012 Peres et al., 2013 Charlton et al., 2014). Injured tubule epithelial cells release their membrane and cytoplasmic... 

Wilson PD (2009) In vitro methods in renal research. In Avner ED, Harmon WE, Niaudet P, Yoshikawa N (eds) Pediatric nephrology, 6th edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 379-396 Yu Y, Jin H, Holder D, Ozer JS, Villarreal S (2010) Urinary biomarkers trefoil factor 3 and albumin enable early detection of kidney tubular injury. Nat Biotechnol 28 470-477 Zhu HY, Liu MY, Hong Q, Zhang D, Geng WJ, Xie YS, Chen XM (2012) Role of microRNA-181a in the apoptosis of tubular epithelial cell induced by cisplatin. Chin Med J (Engl) 125(3) 523-526... 

Contamination Exogenous feeal, food, bacteria, environmental, for example, chemical environmental cleaning agents (e.g., Clidox) Blood (cystocentesis) and lower urinary tract cells (catheterization) introduced by collection method Intrinsic sample differences crystals, casts, epithelial, and blood cells physicochemical properties (pH, albumin, hemoglobin) Collection procedure Addition or dilution of biomarkers biomarker stability assay interference... 

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