Epilepsy epilepticus

Lemos, T. and Cavalheiro, E. A. Suppression of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus and the late development of epilepsy in rats. Exp. Brain Res. 102 423-428,1995. 

Barbiturates Phenobarbital- (PB) Status epilepticus Epilepsy, all forms Tonic-clonic 40 to 60 Liver 25% eliminated unchanged in urine... 

Diazepam Status epilepticus-Epilepsy, all forms- 97 to 99 Liver, active metabolites... 

Discontinuation of therapy Abrupt withdrawal of zonisamide in patients with epilepsy may precipitate increased seizure frequency or status epilepticus. Gradually reduce dose. 

Seizures in patients without epilepsy Postmarketing reports have shown that tiagabine use has been associated with new onset seizures and status epilepticus in patients without epilepsy. 

Status epilepticus Among the patients treated with tiagabine across all epilepsy studies (controlled and uncontrolled), 5% had some form of status epilepticus. Of the 5%, 57% of patients experienced complex partial status epilepticus. A critical risk factor for status epilepticus was the presence of the condition history 33% of patients with a history of status epilepticus had recurrence during tiagabine treatment. 

One of the authors recently encountered a 21-year-old male presenting to the emergency room in status epilepticus (prolonged, uncontrolled seizures). This patient had a seven-year history of epilepsy, well controlled with the drug phenytoin at a dose of 300 mg/day. Indeed, he had not experienced a seizure in more than a year. In the emergency... 

It is used in prophylactic treatment of all varieties of partial epilepsy whether or not seizure becomes secondarily generalised. It is also used in prophylactic treatment of generalised convulsive seizures and treatment of status epilepticus prophylactic management of certain forms of supraventricular cardiac arrhythmia as it has an ability to selectively inhibit high frequency firing prophylactic management of certain... 

In the treatment of tetanus and emergency of epilepsy (status epilepticus). As a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. 

Yen W., Williamson J., Bertram E. H., and Kapur J. (2004). A comparison of three NMDA receptor antagonists in the treatment of prolonged status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res. 59 43-50. 

Several members of the benzodiazepine group are effective in treating epilepsy, but most are limited because of problems with sedation and tolerance. Some agents such as diazepam (Valium) and lorazepam (Ativan) are used in the acute treatment of status epilepti-cus (see Treatment of Status Epilepticus ), but only a few are used in the long-term treatment of epilepsy. Clonazepam (Klonopin) is recommended in specific forms of absence seizures (e.g., the Lennox-Gastaut variant) and may also be useful in minor generalized seizures such as akinetic spells and myoclonic jerks. Clorazepate (Tranxene) is another benzodiazepine that is occasionally used as an adjunct in certain partial seizures. 

Morimoto K, Fahnestock M, Racine RJ. Kindling and status epilepticus models of epilepsy rewiring the brain. Prog Neurobiol. 2004 73 1-60. 

Benzodiazepines used to treat epilepsy include diazepam, clonazepam, clobazam and lorazepam. Of these, diazepam and lorazepam have been most widely used to control status epilepticus, while use of clonazepam is usually restricted to the chronic treatment of severe mixed types of seizures (e.g. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and infantile spasm). The major problem with most of the benzodiazepines, with the possible exception of clobazam, is sedation. 

Seizures Clonazepam [kloe NA ze pam] is useful in the chronic treatment of epilepsy, whereas diazepam is the drug of choice in terminating grand mal epileptic seizures and status epilepticus (see p. 149). Chlordiazepoxide [klor di az e POX ide], clorazepate [klor AZ e pate], diazepam, and oxazepam [ox A ze pam] are useful in the acute treatment of alcohol withdrawal. 

Status epilepticus in epilepsy (unknown if associated with tiagabine use)... 

Cock, H.R., Tong, X., Hargreaves, I.P. (2002). Mitochondrial dysfunction associated with neuronal death following status epilepticus in rat. Epilepsy Res. 48 157-68. 

Antiepilepsy drugs principles of management withdrawal of therapy pregnancy teratogenic effects epilepsy in children status epilepticus... 

Clonazepam (Rivotiil) (tV 25 h) is a benzodiazepine used as a second line drug for treatment of primary generalised epilepsy and for status epilepticus (see Table 20.1). 

---