Enzymes oligonucleotides

Multistep processes can be found in the electroreduction/oxidation of important species such as oxygen, organometallic compoimds, biomolecules (e.g., nucleic acids, metalloproteins, enzymes, oligonucleotides), aromatic... 

The range of biological macromolecules covered in the chapters on specific applications of HPLC includes polypeptides and proteins, enzymes, oligonucleotides and glycopeptides. The presentation and discussion of the HPLC separation of such a wide range of materials could only have been done by enlisting the experience of a number of researchers, both academic and industrial, who are expert in these various fields. The editor would therefore like to thank all of the invited authors for giving... 

DNA polymerase enzymes all synthesize DNA by adding deoxynucleotides to the free 3 -OH group of an RNA or DNA primer sequence. The identity of the inserted nucleotide is deterrnined by its abiHty to base-pair with the template nucleic acid. The dependence of synthesis on a primer oligonucleotide means that synthesis of DNA proceeds only in a 5%o V direction if only one primer is available, all newly synthesized DNA sequences begin at the same point. 

Pancreatic RNa.se is an enzyme specific for cleavage where a pyrimidine ba.se lies to die 3 -side of die pho.sphodie.ster it acts endo. The products are oligonucleotides widi pyrimidine-3 -P04 ends ... 

FIG. 6 Successive coupling of two different biotinylated compounds with the DNA-STV conjugates 2 [33]. In a first step, a macromolecular functional component (FC, represented by the shaded ellipse), such as a biotinylated enzyme or oligonucleotide, is coupled. In a second step, a biotinylated low-molecular-weight modulator M, represented by the shaded sphere) is coupled to the remaining free biotin-binding sites. The modulator is used to modify the conjugate s hybridization properties or to supplement its functionality. 

While many diseases have long been known to result from alterations in an individual s DNA, tools for the detection of genetic mutations have only recently become widely available. These techniques rely upon the catalytic efficiency and specificity of enzyme catalysts. For example, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) relies upon the ability of enzymes to serve as catalytic amplifiers to analyze the DNA present in biologic and forensic samples. In the PCR technique, a thermostable DNA polymerase, directed by appropriate oligonucleotide primers, produces thousands of copies of a sample of DNA that was present initially at levels too low for direct detection. 

The RNA oligonucleotides are complementary to a sequence on one of the strands of the DNA template and base pair with a portion of the DNA molecule. Subsequently, deoxyribonucleotides are covalently attached to the RNA primer. The synthesis of the primer itself is catalyzed by a special RNA polymerase called primase. Similar RNA polymerase-like enzymes are used to prime the synthesis of certain viral DNAs and eukaryotic DNA. 

In protozoa this problem is solved by the addition of preexisting oligodeoxynucleotide blocks to the 3 ends of DNA. These blocks are composed of tandemly repeated units of (T2G4)n or (T4G4)n, where n is approximately 50. The enzyme that adds these polymers requires a primer but not a template. These oligonucleotide block polymers are called telomers. Another DNA polymerase,... 

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