Environmental transmission electron

VIII. Recent Advances in In Situ Atomic Resolution-Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy (ETEM) Under Controlled Reaction Conditions... 

Many hydrogenation and polymerization reactions in the chemical industry are carried out with liquid-phase reactants. An example is the hydrogenation of aliphatic dinitriles to produce diamines (108,109), which are subsequently converted with adipic acid in solution and polymerized to produce linear polyamides, including nylon 6,6. Recently, the development of wet-environmental transmission electron microscopy (wet-ETEM) for direct nanoscale probing of... 

Simonsen SB, Dahl S, Johnson E, Helveg S. Ceria-catalyzed soot oxidation studied by environmental transmission electron microscopy. J Catal. 2008 255 1. 

Abbreviations AAS, atomic absorption spectroscopy AES, Auger electron spectroscopy AFM, atomic force microscopy BE, binding energy DFG, difference frequency generation DFT, density functional theory EBL, electron beam lithography EELS, electron energy loss spectroscopy ETEM, environmental transmission electron microscopy fee, face-centered cubic FEM/FIM, fleld emission... 

Gai PL, Boyes ED, Helveg S, Hansen PL, Giorgio S, Henry CR (2007) Atomic-resolution environmental transmission electron microscopy for probing gas-soUd reactions in heterogeneous catalysis. MRS Bull 32 1... 

For in-situ experiments most commonly used microscopic and spectroscopic techniques are environmental transmission electron microscopy (E-TEM) [207-209], In-situ vibrational spectroscopic [210-212], ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [206,210,213], X-ray absorption spectroscopy [213,214-217], and Raman spectroscopy [218]. Making use of this in-situ experiments, the solar fuel generation processes will get a new dimension to the state-of-the-art beliefs. Moreover, the catalysts structure, coverage and composition also change with time, the combination of ultrafast of in-situ spectroscopic techniques reveal the structure and catalytic activity relationships (See Table 7) [217]. 

Crozier PA, Oleshko VP, Westwood AD, Cantrell RD. In situ environmental transmission electron microscopy of gas phase Ziegler-Natta catalytic polymerization of propylene. Presented at Institute of Physics Conference Series 2001. 

Sharma, R. and Iqbal, Z. (2004) In situ observations of carbon nanotube formation using environmental transmission electron microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett., 84, 990-992. 

Serve, A., Epicier, T., Aouine, M., Cadete Santos Aires, F.J., Obeid, E., Tsampas, M., Pajot, K., and Vernoux, P. (2015) Investigations of soot combustion on yttria-stabilized zirconia by environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM). Appl. CataL A-Gen. doi http // dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2015.02.030... 

Dai el al. investigated the self-assembled structure of Ag NPs at a tri-chloroethylene/water interface and reported the first direct observation of NPs in a liquid medium by the environmental transmission electron microscope, as shown in Fig. 21. The spontaneous assembly of Ag NPs into a multilayered, blue opalescent film at the O/W interface was also reported and confirmed by TEM and UV-vis. " ... 

Environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) allows direct observation of the soot/catalyst interface to monitor in situ oxidation of the soot. Thermogravimetric (TG) and temperature-programmed methods have been used to study soot combustion in the presence and absence of oxygen, and the properties depend on the accessibility of gaseous oxygen and the location, shape and dimension of the ceria/soot interface (Fig. 8.26). Instead of using ceria on its own as a catalyst for soot oxidation, more studies have... 

Using environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) Simonsen et showed the evolution of ceria-soot contact points. They showed how the soot particles in contact with CeOg are progressively consumed during oxidation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that soot particles are oxidized in close proximity to the interface but the contacts between ceria and soot are maintained during soot oxidation because they are continuously... 

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