Carbon nanotubes formation

Nagano, T., Ishikawa, Y., and Shibata, N. Effects of surface oxides of SiC on carbon nanotube formation by surface decomposition. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 2003 1380-1385. 

Lopez P.N., Ramos I.R., Ruiz A.G. A study of carbon nanotube formation by C2H2 decomposition on an iron based catalyst using a pulsed method. Carbon, 2003,41(13), 2509-2517. 

Irle, et al.. Milestones in molecular dynamics simulations of single-waUed carbon nanotube formation a brief critical review. Nano Res. 2009,2(8), 755-767. 

Sharma, R. and Iqbal, Z. (2004) In situ observations of carbon nanotube formation using environmental transmission electron microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett., 84, 990-992. 

Hernadi, K. Fonseca, A. Nagy, J.B. Bernaerts, D. Lucas, A. A. (1996). Fe-catalyzed carbon nanotube formation. Carbon, 34,1249-1257. 

Gamaly, E.G. and Ebbesen, T.W. Mechanism of carbon nanotube formation in the arc-discharge. Physical Review B 52, 2083-2089,1995. 

Cau, M., Dorval, N., Cao, B., Attal-Tretout, B., Cochon, J. L., Loiseau, A., Farhat, S. and Scott, C. D., Spatial evolutions of Co and Ni atoms during single walled carbon nanotubes formation measurements and modelling. Journal of Nanoscience cutd Nanotechnology, 6 (5), 2006,1298-1308. 

General nanotube growth in the CVD method is characterized by the dissociation of the hydrocarbon molecules, forming a region rich in carbon atoms reacting with the metallic particles of the substrate, with subsequent carbon nanotube formation (base and tip growth criteria). The CVD method is characterized by four fundamental aspects ... 

Yudasaka, M., Komatsu, T., Ichihashi, T., lijima, S. - Single wall carbon nanotube formation by laser ablation using double-targets of carbon and metal , Chem. Phys. Lett. 278 (1997) 102-106... 

The plasma arcing method [5] is based on the principle of "gas ionization" and the gas ionized is called as plasma It makes the use of two electrodes namefy, the anode and the cathode. A gas conduct is made between these two electrodes by passing an electric current The evaporation of one electrode (anode) as cations takes place, which is followed by the deposition at the other electrode to form nanotube deposits. This method has been widely used for forming carbon nanotubes and fiillerenes, where carbonaceous electrodes are used in helium or an argon atmosphere. The schematic representation of carbon nanotube formation by plasma arcing method is shown in Fig 18.2. 

Figure 18.2 Schematic representation of carbon nanotube formation by plasma arcing.

Formation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) was found to be catalyzed by metal nanoparticles [207]. Wang et al. [114] investigated bimetallic catalysts such as FeRu and FePt in the size range of 0.5-3 nm for the efficient growth of SWNTs on flat surfaces. When compared with single-component catalysts such as Fe, Ru, and Pt of similar size, bimetallic catalysts Fe/Ru and Fe/Pt produced at least 200% more SWNTs [114]. 

Figure 11.8 Formation of ordered nanoparticles of metal from diblock copolymer micelles, (a) Diblock copolymer (b) metal salt partition to centres of the polymer micelles (c) deposition of micelles at a surface (d) micelle removal and reduction of oxide to metal, (e) AFM image of carbon nanotubes and cobalt catalyst nanoparticles after growth (height scale, 5 nm scan size, lxl pm). [Part (e) reproduced from Ref. 47].

An alternative route to obtain NbS2-sheathed carbon nanotubes (CNT) has been proposed by Zhu et al. [71] with this sonochemical method. In this study, CNTs act as templates to produce the uniform and well-crystallized bS2 nanotubes and the formation of such nanotubes has been explained by means of multi-point nuclei site growth mechanism. 

Nayak, T.R. et al. (2010) Thin films of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as suitable scaffold materialsfor stem cells proliferation andbone formation. ACS Nano, 4 (12), 7717-7725. 

In most publications, Iijima is given credit for the discovery in 1991 of the nanotube structure of carbon (Iijima, 1991 Bethune et al., 1993 Iijima and Ichihashi, 1993). However, it has been said that Oberlin et al. (1976) also imaged carbon nanotubes, perhaps even SWNTs. Incredibly, nearly a century earlier, there was a study on the thermal decomposition of methane that resulted in the formation of long carbon strands, which were proposed at the time as a candidate for filaments in light bulbs (see Bacon and Bowman, 1957). 

In another example [56] SWNT was modified with peroxytrifluoroacetic add (PTFAA). Raman spectrum of the carbon nanotubes after the FIFA A treatment shows a D-line substantially increased indicating the formation of defect sites with sp3-hybridized carbon atoms on the sidewalls due to the addition of the functional groups. The RBM bands in the region of 170-270cm-1 decreased and shifted to higher... 

D.L. Carroll, X. Blase, J.C. Charlier, P. Redlich, P.M. Ajayan, S. Roth, and M. Ruhle, Effects of nanodomain formation on the electronic structure of doped carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2332-2335 (1998). 

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