Environmental factors carbonate rate

Plant productivity is determined by factors such as plant species composition, moisture, soil fertility, growing season length, and solar radiation—many of which are affected by human activities. All else equal, increases in primary productivity and production of plant tissues will lead to increases in soil C stock, while decreases will lead to decreases in soil C stock. The rate of change in soil C stock is determined by the difference between C inputs and outputs, as well as the turnover times of the soil C, which are often not known. Here we review briefly how some environmental factors are expected to alter productivity and explore how the effects on stock depend on the number of soil carbon pools and their turnover times. 

The four important areas of application of carbon steels are (i) atmospheric corrosion (ii) corrosion in fresh water (iii) corrosion in seawater and (iv) corrosion in soils. The atmospheric corrosion of steel is caused by major environmental factors such as (i) time of wetness as defined by ISO 9223-1992 (ii) sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere due to the combustion of fossil fuels and (iii) chloride carried by the wind from sea. The equations for corrosion rates of carbon steel by multiple regression analysis have been obtained.1... 

State, types of functional groups), redox potential, pH, nutrient and carbon availability, contaminant bioavailability and concentration, electron acceptors, temperature, salinity, and microbial consortia and biomass (D Angelo, 2002). Reaction rates can vary over several orders of magnitude depending on these environmental factors. Studies have documented the effects of several of these factors on rates of mineralization of contaminants in wetland substrates. Redox potential, a measure of the electron availability and an indirect measure of the oxygen status, has been used to show certain compounds degrade favorably under aerobic conditions (e.g., naphthalene), others under anaerobic conditions (e.g., DDT), and still others under moderately anaerobic conditions (e.g., polychlorobi-phenyls [PCBs]). 

The rate of carbonation depends on both environmental factors (humidity, temperature, concentration of carbon dioxide) and factors related to the concrete (mainly its alkalinity and permeability). 

The environmental factors that tend to accelerate metal loss include high humidity, high temperature and proximity to the ocean, extended periods of wetness and the presence of pollutants in the atmosphere. The small amount of carbon dioxide normally present in the air neither initiates nor accelerates corrosion. Vernon [57] was the first to study the corrosion rate of steel coupons in the presence of well-defined atmospheres. Atmospheric gases such as CO2, SO2, NO2, HCl, etc. after getting dissolved in the moisture layer on the metal surface, these gases result in a number of ions and ionic species like H", CF, COa , NOa , S04 , etc. They measured corrosion rate was as a function of time, relative humidity and... 

---