Environmental analysis hard water

Glass electrodes sensitive to proton concentration were first introduced in 1909 and have long been the generally accepted way of determining pH. Similar electrodes which respond selectively to other ions are a much more recent development dating back only to the mid-1960s even so, ion-selective electrodes now have many applications in water and environmental analysis, for example the determination of pH, F, CN, NH3 and total hardness (Ca + Mg ). 

Although a substantial body of data is available on the levels of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) in rivers and estuaries, fewer studies have been conducted on their environmental behaviour, with reference to the mechanisms involved in their transport and to the reactivity they undergo. Studies of LAS in subterranean water and in the marine medium are scarce and have mainly been conducted in the last decade [2-6], coinciding with the development of new techniques of concentration/separation and analysis of LAS at ppb levels or less. Data on concentrations of sulfophenyl carboxylates (SPCs) are very scarce and the behaviour of these intermediates has hardly received any study. This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on behaviour of LAS and their degradation products in coastal environments. 

Analysis of the results points to environmental friendliness of the SVBR-75/100 nuclear fuel cycle, resulting from the fact that the specific radiotoxicity decreases with increase of the energy produced. This is because the hard neutron spectrum of the reactor facilitates efficient burning of both self-generated minor actinides and those accumulated in light water reactors. 

Life-cycle analysis study by Harding et al. (2008), compared the chemical catalysis and enzyme catalysis for biodiesel production. Study showed that the biological route has an advantage over the chemical route in terms of simplified purification process and energy savings. Life cycle analysis also showed that the biocatalytic route is more environmentally friendly. Global warming, acidification, and photochemical oxidation in the case of enzyme catalysis were reduced by 5%. Reduction in fresh water aquatic toxicity was approximately 12%, while reduction in marine aquatic toxicity and human toxicity were almost 10%. Reduction in terrestrial ecotoxicity... 

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