Engineer origin

Far less than the stoichiometric amount of sequestrants precipitation of insoluble salts from water hardness can be prevented by slowing down the formation of crystals and crystal growth. This process is called the threshold effect. It has long been used in the preparation of boiler feeding water, e.g., steam vessels of railroad engines. Originally sodium pyrophosphate was used for this task, but alkylphosphonic acids and derivatives thereof are superior in their effect. 

Enhancing the overall resistivity of the body is observed upon treatment with a number of known drugs immunostimulants (caffeine, phenamine, methyluracil), vitamins (retinol, ascorbic acid, vitamins of group B), nucleic acid derivatives, and also drugs of natural or genetically engineered origin made specifically for this purpose. 

Fig. 3. Reasonable facsimiles of mass spectra produced by laser vaporization ot carbon in a supersonic beam, indicating three stages in the process for increasing the extent of clustering. Experiment was carried out by Robbing, Cox, and Kaldor (Exxon Research and Engineering), Original diagrams were featured In Nature (1985)...

Thermodynamics was developed early in the industrial revolution to aid in improving engines. Originally, it dealt with transformations of heat and work. However, over time, the laws of thermodynamics have been used to deduce... 

Calhoun, Daniel Hovey. 1960. The American Civil Engineer Origins and Conflict. Cambridge, MA Technology Press. 

The present chapter will focus on answering the first of these questions and Chap. 7 the last. The following quotation from Fontana and Greene s classic textbook on corrosion engineering originally published in 1967 [1] summarizes a training principle that has been reused extensively by many instructors and that is central in all modern training manuals on the subject. 

Because of their ubiquity in natural and industrial environments, the study of biofilms lends itself to a multidisciplinary approach involving microbiology and engineering. Originally, an engineering approach was used to study biofilm performance... 

Calhoun, 1960. Daniel H. Calhoun. The American Civil Engineer Origin and Conflicts. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press. 

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