Energy retardation

N.A. Ginsenosides, acetylenic compounds, polysaccharides, panaxosides.103 125 140-141-i55,i56,3i4,5ii A stimulant, tonic, adaptogen, diuretic, stomachic agent, carminative, aphrodisiac, healing properties, provide energy, retard the aging process. 

As indicated in Section II.C. I, in calculating the contribution of the exciton motion in the presence of phonons to the exciton self-energy, retarded interactions may be neglected because they operate only in the optical region (middle of the Brillouin zone). This approximation is valid for short times,... 

The msgority of commercial instrumentation consists of a flood x-ray or uv photon source and an energy analyzer equipped with an energy retardation transfer lens. The analysis spot size in this instrumentation is limited by the image the entrance slit of the analyzer makes on the sample surface in the analysis position. Materials studies are thus limited to model structures or large area surfaces (at least a few millimeters in size). Because semiconductor device structures generally consist of features which are on the order of micrometer dimensions, the trend in modem instmmentation is towards smaller analysis spot size Small analysis spot size permits investigators to employ photoelectron spectroscopy on real devices rather than model device structures. 

From the need the two expressions be equivalent we find the momentum-energy retarded free Green function as ... 

D) LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM (RETARDING-POTENTIAL) METHODS... 

A low-energy electron beam can also be obtained using a field emission tip and used in the field emission retarding-potential method. This combination provides an absolute measure of the sample work fiinction and the resolution is excellent [52]. 

Andrews D L and Juzeliunas G 1992 Intermoleoular energy transfer retardation effeots J. Chem. Phys. 96 6606-12... 

In most electron spectroscopic analyses, the kinetic energies of the electrons entering the analyzer are retarded to either a constant energy or by a constant factor. These approaches lead to two modes of operation the constant analyzer energy (CAE) mode and the constant retard ratio (CRR) mode. 

The CRR mode involves retarding the electron kinetic energies to a constant ratio of H /H where H is the energy passed by the analyzer. Thus, the energies are retarded by a constant factor. Spectra acquired in this mode ate less easy to quantify, but small peaks at low kinetic energies ate readily detected. This mode of operation results in spectra of constant relative resolution throughout. The relative resolution is improved in this mode by a factor of E. ... 

Thus, for a set K, an inverse relationship between pass energy, and sht width, w, exists. Retardation with a CFIA can either be in the CAE or CRR modes. This retardation is accomphshed by planar retarding grids placed across the entrance aperture of the CFIA. 

Most all the serious emptions of manganese furnaces can be traced to a set of conditions that cause bridging or hang-up of the charge materials so that the normal downward movement through the furnace is dismpted or retarded. As electrical energy continues to be suppHed to the furnace with Httie... 

Minor and potential new uses include flue-gas desulfurization (44,45), silver-cleaning formulations (46), thermal-energy storage (47), cyanide antidote (48), cement additive (49), aluminum-etching solutions (50), removal of nitrogen dioxide from flue gas (51), concrete-set accelerator (52), stabilizer for acrylamide polymers (53), extreme pressure additives for lubricants (54), multiple-use heating pads (55), in soap and shampoo compositions (56), and as a flame retardant in polycarbonate compositions (57). Moreover, precious metals can be recovered from difficult ores using thiosulfates (58). Use of thiosulfates avoids the environmentally hazardous cyanides. 

Mini-emulsion processes have been developed where the monomer is emulsified under high energy with either a long-chain alcohol or a polymer producing very small droplets. The long-chain alcohol retards the diffusion of the monomer out of the droplets (65). Polymerization takes place primarily... 

A/-substituted, long-chain alkyl monomethylol cycHc ureas have also been used to waterproof cotton through etherification. Other water repellent finishes for cotton are produced by cross-linked siHcone films (56). In addition to the polymeri2ation of the phosphoms-containing polymers on cotton to impart flame retardancy and of siHcone to impart water repeUency, polyduorinated polymers have been successfuUy appHed to cotton to impart oil repeUency. Chemical attachment to the cotton is not necessary for durabUity oU repeUency occurs because of the low surface energy of the duorinated surface (57). 

In XPS the photoelectrons are retarded to a constant energy, called the pass energy, as they approach the entrance slit. If this were not done, Eq. (2.5) shows that to achieve an absolute resolution of 1 eV at the maximum kinetic energy of approximately 1500 eV (using A1 Ka radiation), and with a slit width of 2 mm, would require an analyzer with an average radius of about 300 cm, which is impracticable. Pass energies are selected in the range 20-100 eV for XPS, which enables the analyzer to be built with a radius of 10-15 cm. 

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