Energy requirements terms Links

Design and analysis of combined distillation and PV processes for methanol/DMC, methanol/MTBE, Cross-linked PVA (PERVAP 1510) and plasma-polymerized PERVAP 1137 Hybrid PV + distillation has better economics particularly in terms of low premium energy requirement [201]... 

Primary active transport occurs when the transport of a substrate is coupled to an energy-yielding metabolic reaction. The energy required may come from several different sources (a) the high-energy compound ATP used by a specific ATPase (ATPase pump) (b) energy from the electron transport system released as electrons that flow down the cytochrome chain (redox-pump) and (c) the electric field produced by free radicals. Implicit in these three theories is the participation of ions and ion transport. Secondary active transport is a term often used to denote the transport of one substrate linked to the flow of a second substrate. Wilbrandt (1975) refers to this as flow-coupled active transport it may be this form of transport that is most often involved in the active uptake of sugars and amino acids. A review of some models of carrier-mediated active transport transport has recently been presented by Crane (1977). 

A8. The Helmholtz elastic free energy relation of the composite network contains a separate term for each of the two networks as in eq. 5. However, the precise mathematical form of the strain dependence is not critical at small deformations. Although all the assumptions seem to be reasonably fulfilled, a simpler method, which would require fewer assumptions, would obviously be desirable. A simpler method can be used if we just want to compare the equilibrium contribution from chain engangling in the cross-linked polymer to the stress-relaxation modulus of the uncross-linked polymer. The new method is described in Part 3. 

Since the supply of hydrogen in the long term depends on different technical and energy policy developments and frame conditions, such as the expansion of renewable energy sources, the development of clean coal technologies or the required reduction of C02 emissions, hydrogen production is simultaneously closely linked to the conventional energy supply system. 

Remark. It is easily seen that the second term of (5.2) by itself causes the norm of if/ to change. In order that this is compensated by the fluctuating term the two terms must be linked, as is done by the relation U = V V. This resembles the classical fluctuation-dissipation theorem, which links both terms by the requirement that the fluctuations compensate the energy loss so as to establish the equilibrium. The difference is that the latter requirement involves the temperature T of the environment that makes it possible to suppress the fluctuations by taking T = 0 without losing the damping. This is the reason why in classical theory deterministic equations with damping exist, see XI.5. 

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