Energy requirements fuel heating value

Utilities have the least economic incentive to use tires.8 Often, power plants that use TDF only substitute up to 5 percent of their total energy requirements with TDF. Utilities must buy better quality coal (i.e., higher heat value and lower ash) than cement plants, but have significant bulk fuel-buying power. They are not usually interested in TDF unless the price is 1 per million Btu s (MMBtu s) ( 30— 31 per ton) or less.8 The use of petroleum coke has recently been increasing in the utility industry,... 

Many mills bum this wood waste in boilers to obtain heat energy for process steam, and to alleviate possible solid waste disposal problems. These waste wood boilers are known as "hog-fuel" boilers. A base load of supplemental fuel of some kind is required in hog-fuel boilers, because the significant variations of the size, moisture content, and heating value of the wood waste may not allow consistent boiler performance. Supplemental fuel facilitates uniform boiler combustion, and ensures that a minimum amount of power is generated regardless of the fuel value of the wood waste at any one time. 

It depends on the molar fuel production rate (ffuei), the heating value of the fuel (AF/fUei), the incident solar radiation power (Psoiar), the flow rate of the inert gas during thermal reduction (rinert), and the energy (E-mea) that is required for separation. In a rough efficiency analysis (second-law analysis), several simplifying assumptions are usually made [3] ... 

A blend of 15% methanol with gasoline (M15 blend) is the most practical initial approach because it requires only minor adjustments to engine fuel systems and is interchangeable with gasoline. It also provides a 3% improvement in energy efficiency, which largely offsets the lower heating value of methanol. 

Gas turbine engines with a conventional natural gas combustion system or water injection combustion system can operate on H2 or H2-rich fuels with little or no modifications to the core injectors. Modifications to the fuel delivery system and injectors are required. The volumetric heating value of hydrogen is 10,787 kJ/N-m3 (274 Btu per standard cubic foot [scf]> as compared with 35,786 kJ/N-m3 (909 Btu/scf) for methane. In order to supply the required energy input rate to the gas turbine, approximately 3.32 times the volume of hydrogen fuel has to be injected into the primary zone of the combustor to provide the same heating value as that of natural gas fuel. 

---