Energy-horizon

Energy-Horizon Theory of Dynamic Spall and Fragmentation... 

In the energy-horizon theory of fragmentation two physically reasonable... 

We note here that the fragment size predicted through the more recent energy-horizon theory ((8.30) or (8.34)) is between a factor of 2 to 3 smaller in nominal diameter than predicted through the earlier kinetic energy theory ((8.26)). This difference is more marked if a measure of fragment mass is... 

Which of the two fragmentation theories is more appropriate has not yet been firmly established. The more recent energy-horizon theory appears to have a more solid thermodynamic basis and the theory has the potential of providing a broader description of spall fragmentation phenomena. 

Production planning includes considerations on production objectives over a certain time horizon given marketing forecasts for prices and product demands, equipment availability, and inventories. This is a macrolevel problem of the allocation of production capacity, time, product inventories, and labour and energy resources, so as to determine the production goals that maximize the total profit over an extended period of time into the future (e.g. a few months to a few years). 

Other established attempts on heat integration of batch plants are based on the concept of pinch analysis (Linnhoff et al., 1979 Umeda et al., 1979), which was initially developed for continuous processes at steady-state. As such, these methods assume a pseudo-continuous behaviour in batch operations either by averaging time over a fixed time horizon of interest (Linnhoff et al., 1988) or assuming fixed production schedule within which opportunities for heat integration are explored (Kemp and MacDonald, 1987, 1988 Obeng and Ashton, 1988 Kemp and Deakin, 1989). These methods cannot be applied in situations where the optimum schedule has to be determined simultaneously with the heat exchanger network that minimises external energy use. 

Task Revisit the case study shown in Figs. 10.6 and 10.7 and apply the presented formulation over a 20 h time horizon. Assess the benefits of heat integration in this particular case, i.e. compare the energy requirements for the heat integrated case to the standalone case. 

As before, we can perform reverse simulations. Instead of annihilating the solute, we can create it by turning on the perturbation part of the Hamiltonian. The resulting free energy differences are connected through the relation Z A reation — creation = Annihilation - annihilation- Comparison of this creation scheme with the transformation described by the horizonal arrow reveals two important differences. First, the vertical transformations require two sets of simulations instead of one, although one of them involves only solute in the gas phase and, is, therefore, much less computationally intensive. Second, the two methods differ in their description of the solute in the reference state. In both cases the solute does not interact with the solvent. For the vertical transformations, however, all interactions between atoms forming the solute vanish, whereas in the horizontal transformation, the molecule remains intact. 

If there is any technology on the horizon with the potential to replace the IC engine, iVs fuel cells. Almost every automaker has a fuel cell program underway, and over the years, fuel cells have shrunk to one-tenth their original size. Energy output has risen by a factor of five in this time period. 

M. Pumera, Electrochemistry of graphene New horizons for sensing and energy storage, Chemical Record, 9 (2009) 211-223. 

The Slurrex technique is usually applied to produce the maximum measured energy at the bottom of the hole. There the gas bubbles, or hot spots, are more highly compressed than they are at the top—hence, an optimum energy and density result where these factors are most needed. Each succeeding foot up the borehole has a different energy level, and this directly meets the blast requirements at each horizon on the face. This patented technique, exclusive with Hercules, can be applied to any of its slurry products... 

McKeague, J. A., and Wang, C. (1980). Micromorphology and energy dispersive analysis of ortstein horizons of podzohc soils from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60, 9-21. 

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