Energy-efficient processes, design

Sauar E. Energy Efficient Process Design by Equipartion of Forces with Applications to Distillation and Chemical Reaction. PhD dissertation. Norwegian Technical-Natural Science University of Trondheim, 1998. 

These conditions lend themselves to simple and inexpensive system design. Pyrolysis can be an energy efficient process yielding a favorable energy balance because the process uses only a fraction of the energy contained in the wood. 

There are four areas for potentially significant energy savings that can be used for selecting designs to evaluate new energy-efficient processes for carbon dioxide consumption ... 

Tire current work by SRNL included the creation of high-efficiency process design for the HyS Process. A block flow schematic for the process is shown in Figure 1. Since HyS is a hybrid thermochemical cycle, energy input in the form of both electricity and thermal energy is required. For a commercial nuclear hydrogen plant, approximately 38% of the nuclear reactor thermal output would be directed to electricity production and 62% to provide process heat. 

The most important process design considerations deal with efficient process design and, in particular, the practical minimization of energy consumption. Other sections that deal with evaporation (Section 9.3.3.1 Section 9.3.3.2) have covered multiple-effect and vapor-recompression evaporation. Section 9.3.3.2 also discussed evaporation process design. 

While membrane processes have infiltrated many process schemes, prohahly the most extensive replacement has been in the area of water treatment. For example, reverse osmosis has largely replaced distillation/evaporation for the production of drinking water from seawater [41,42]. Clearly, with the right mix of material properties, efficient process designs, and economic drivers, energy-efficient membrane processes can replace conventional thermally driven separation processes. Later in this chapter, desalination will be a featured example. 

Proprietary items are the primary reformer, the ammonia synthesis converter, and certain catalysts. Operating experience in plants designed by Topsoe has been described in [720,771-774,956,966,967]. In [967J a net energy consumption of 6.97 Gcal/MT ammonia was reported for a plant located in a warm climate. For the most energy efficient process concept, which has so far not been demonstrated in an industrial installation, a net consumption of 6.67 Gcal/MT ammonia is claimed for a stand alone plant [920]. 

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