Energy efficiency, factors affecting

The optimal enhancement effect is observed when the localized surface plasmon resonance is tuned to the emission wavelength of a locally situated fluorophore [86]. This is consistent with the model suggesting a greatly increased efficiency for energy transfer from fluorophores to surface plasmons [78]. Since resonance energy transfer is involved, the important factors affecting the intensity of fluorescence emission must also be the orientation of the dye dipole moments relative to the... 

For all these reasons, most of the acoustical energy involved in generating the cavities and in their collapse is ultimately spent in decomposing water into H2 and 02. This is the main factor affecting sonochemical efficiency (i.e., the ratio between the rate of the reaction of interest and the applied power density, W/L). In order to improve the efficiency of a sonochemical process, chemical or physical modifications can be introduced into the system, which may reduce this loss (see Sec. IV.G). The efficiency can also be affected by the presence of other chemicals in the solution, which may react with the radicals, thus reducing the number of reactive species available to the target molecules. A preprocess might be conceived to separate some of these unwanted chemicals from the solution prior to sonochemical treatment. 

Several attempts have been made to analyse the limits of solar energy conversion efficiency. Calculations have been made for quantum "" and thermal systems, but nothing new has been reported. Similarly, the factors affecting the efficiency of photochemical water cleavage systems have been considered Unfortunately, the endpoint of such calculations has not resulted in improvements to existing systems or development of new approaches. 

Electroosmotic effects also influence current efficiency, not only in terms of coupling effects on the fluxes of various species but also in terms of their impact on steady-state membrane water levels and polymer structure. The effects of electroosmosis on membrane permselectivity have recently been treated through the classical Nernst-Planck flux equations, and water transport numbers in chlor-alkali cell environments have been reported by several workers.Even with classical approaches, the relationship between electroosmosis and permselectivity is seen to be quite complicated. Treatments which include molecular transport of water can also affect membrane permselectivity, as seen in Fig. 17. The different results for the two types of experiments here can be attributed largely to the effects of osmosis. A slight improvement in current efficiency results when osmosis occurs from anolyte to catholyte. Another frequently observed consequence of water transport is higher membrane conductance, " " which is an important factor in the overall energy efficiency of an operating cell. 

When high-energy radiation is used, the most important factor affecting the grafting efficiency is the radiation sensitivity of the monomer to be... 

This has been covered briefly before in discussing the location of the hood within a laboratory and the effects of doors, windows, air supply inlets, and traffic. In recent years, there has been substantial research on the factors that affect the performance of fume hoods, what are suitable designs, sizes, means of controlling them, what external factors influence their efficacy, the implications on building energy efficiency by their use, the dispersal of their exhausts, the materials of which they are constructed among others. The following sections will address some of these issues. 

The detection efficiency is affected by two main factors. First, the 500 ton fiducial volume is only 50 percent of the total liquid scintillator volume, in order to attenuate radioactivity produced by photomultiplier tubes and by external rock. Second, the three MeV energy threshold for the positron removes about 65 percent of the signal, for an approximate overall detection efficiency of 20 percent. 

The magnitude of the mechanical force applied the duration the type offeree, such as compression, shear, and impact and other factors affect the extent and efficiency of the size-reduction process. The important factors in the size-reduction process are the amount of energy or power used and the particle size and new surface formed. 

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