Energy efficiency economic concerns

See also Aircraft Aviation Fuel Efficiency of Energy Use, Economic Concerns and Engines Kerosene Subsidies and Energy Costs Supply and Demand and Energy Prices Transportation, Evolution of Energy Use and. 

Efficiency of Energy Use, Economic Concerns and RonaldJ. Sutherland... 

Even when the time comes to make a purchasing decision, an energy-efficient motor purchase is not a certainty. Sometimes an energy-efficient motor will be the economically efficient choice at other times, not. The capital investment decision is based on the cost in relation to performance, efficiency and reliability. Moreover, the decision depends on the application and the amount of time the motor is in operation. It can be the major component of a product (drill or mixer), or a minor component (computer disk drive) it can be the major component cost of a product (fan), or it can be a minor component cost (stereo tape deck) it can run almost constantly (fan, pump, and machinery), or only a few minutes a day (vacuums and power tools). For example, contractors purchase circular saws almost solely based on performance and reliability. Time is money, and since the saw is operating only a few minutes a day and the contractor is often not responsible for the electricity costs to run the motor, energy efficiency is not a consideration performance and reliability are what matter most. On the other hand, an industrial user, who runs huge electric motors twenty-four hours a day to work pumps, machinery, and ventilation equipment, is very concerned tvitli energy efficiency as well as performance and reliability. 

On a related note, concerns about greenhouse warming may lead to significantly higher prices for fossil fuel or even to limitations on energy use. To the extent that the plastics industry can take steps ahead of time to modify operations in ways that make them more energy efficient, the industry will be better prepared for whatever action results. Further, if it is determined that no action need be taken, the industry will still reap the economic benefits of lower fuel expenditures. 

HBCC by a single stage. For improvement, this may be combined with a second stage or some other separation methods to increase the efficiency of separation. Some additives such as THF (tetrahydrofuran) can also be added during the separation process to lower the equilibrium pressure for economic and safety concern. HBCC is of high capacity and easy to operate. It is free from contamination because only water is the major raw material. At the same time, CO2 can be stored in hydrates after separation, making it is easier for transport and disposal. Further improvements can be made to increase the energy efficiency and lower the cost of this separation scheme. 

Other energy sector concerns are methane emissions from unburned fuel, and from natural gas leaks at various stages of natural gas production, transmission and distribution. The curtailment of venting and flaring stranded gas (remotely located natural gas sources that are not economical to produce liquefied natural gas or methanol), and more efficient use of natural gas have significantly reduced atmospheric release. But growth in natural gas production and consumption may reverse this trend. Methane has... 

Much of this chapter has been concerned with various modifications to the simple Rankine cycle at high temperature. In the following five sections, the Rankine cycle that makes possible use of energy sources at low temperature, such as solar, geothermal, ocean thermal, solar pond, and waste heat, will be discussed. Because of the small temperature range available, only a simple Rankine cycle can be used and the cycle efficiency will be low. This is not critical economically, because the fuel is free. 

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