Energy density effects

Staufenbiel, R, Schiwietz, G., Czerski, K., Roth, M., and P. L. Grande. 2005. Electronic energy-density effects in ion tracks of metals. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 230 426-430. 

The unique feature in spontaneous Raman spectroscopy (SR) is that field 2 is not an incident field but (at room temperature and at optical frequencies) it is resonantly drawn into action from the zero-point field of the ubiquitous blackbody (bb) radiation. Its active frequency is spontaneously selected (from the infinite colours available in the blackbody) by the resonance with the Raman transition at co - 0I2 r material. The effective bb field mtensity may be obtained from its energy density per unit circular frequency, the... 

Cortona embedded a DFT calculation in an orbital-free DFT background for ionic crystals [183], which necessitates evaluation of kinetic energy density fiinctionals (KEDFs). Wesolowski and Warshel [184] had similar ideas to Cortona, except they used a frozen density background to examine a solute in solution and examined the effect of varying the KEDF. Stefanovich and Truong also implemented Cortona s method with a frozen density background and applied it to, for example, water adsorption on NaCl(OOl) [185]. 

Hansen [137-139], and later van Krevelen [114] proposed the generalization of the solubility parameter concept to attempt to include the effects of strong dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding interactions. It was proposed that the cohesive energy density be written as the sum of three terms, viz. 

We have used the basis set of the Linear-Muffin-Tin-Orbital (LMTO) method in the atomic sphere approximation (ASA). The LMTO-ASA is based on the work of Andersen and co-workers and the combined technique allows us to treat all phases on equal footing. To treat itinerant magnetism we have employed the Vosko-Wilk-Nusair parametrization for the exchange-correlation energy density and potential. In conjunction with this we have treated the alloying effects for random and partially ordered phases with a multisublattice generalization of the coherent potential approximation (CPA). 

In the case where there is one single trap level, E, is the energy difference between this level and the delocalized band edge, and a the ratio between the effective density of slates at the delocalized band edge and the concentration of traps. If traps are energy distributed, effective values of N, and a must be estimated. 

The development of stable, effectively ion-separating membranes for rechargeable alkaline batteries remains a persistent challenge, in which the separator can provide decisive contributions to the advancement of storage batteries of high power and energy density. 

A promising candidate for a polymer battery that does not possess the typical disadvantages of PA is PPy 126-178.256-259) jjg cjj-cuit voltage lies near 3.5 V vs Li /Li. Charge capacity is about 70 to 85 A h kgand the effective energy density... 

Notice that the carbon black hller reduces the rate of cut growth, but has only a small effect on the power index. Generally, it appears that abrasion occurs mainly in the third region, except when the abrasive track is very sharp. In this case the number of cycles to detach a small piece of rubber becomes small and the abrasion is proportional to the reciprocal of the energy density at break of the rubber compound. 

Figure 2. A schematic of the free energy density of an aperiodic lattice as a function of the effective Einstein oscillator force constant a (a is also an inverse square of the locahzation length used as input in the density functional of the liquid). Specifically, the curves shown characterize the system near the dynamical transition at Ta, when a secondary, metastable minimum in F a) begins to appear as the temperature is lowered. Taken from Ref. [47] with permission.

Nevertheless long-term heat storage is one of the main challenges for an effective year round use of thermal solar energy. Therefore, high energy density heat stores are the focus of an increasing amount of research efforts. 

---