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Energy current flowing without

Figure 9. The current flowing without energy dissipation in a thin film ring illustrates the fact that in superconductivity one can have flow in an equilibrium state. Figure 9. The current flowing without energy dissipation in a thin film ring illustrates the fact that in superconductivity one can have flow in an equilibrium state.
V ri ble Frecjuency Drives. An important energy by-product of soHd-state electronics is the relatively low cost variable speed drive. These electronic devices adjust the frequency of current to control motor speed such that a pump can be controlled direcdy to deUver the right flow without the need for a control valve and its inherent pressure drop. Eigure 11 shows that at rated load the variable speed drive uses only about 70% as much power as a standard throttle control valve system, and at half load, it uses only about 25% as much power. [Pg.228]

Some organic conductors can become superconductors under certain conditions. Superconductivity is the disappearance of electrical impedance that allows electric current to flow without any loss of energy. Organic metals were reviewed in many sources (see, e.g., Khideckef and Zhilyaeva... [Pg.409]

An -> ideal nonpolarizable electrode is one whose potential does not change as current flows in the cell. Much more useful in electrochemistry are the electrodes that change their potential in a wide potential window (in the absence of a - depolarizer) without the passage of significant current. They are called -> ideally polarized electrodes. Current-potential curves, particularly those obtained under steady-state conditions (see -> Tafel plot) are often called polarization curves. In the -> corrosion measurements the ratio of AE/AI in the polarization curve is called the polarization resistance. If during the -> electrode processes the overpotential is related to the -> diffusional transport of the depolarizer we talk about the concentration polarization. If the electrode process requires an -> activation energy, the appropriate overpotential and activation polarization appear. [Pg.512]

For the electrical injection of charges in an OLED, the energy levels must be aligned carefully in order to allow electrical current to flow without imde-sired energy barriers. Some hole- and electron-blocking barriers, however, are necessary in order to confine the holes and electrons effectively to the recombination zone. The energy levels are governed by the redox properties of the materials. [Pg.97]

The Formal Graph theory forbids such a practice that contradicts the definition of flows as energies-per-entity without needing any time concept for that The concept of velocity must exist, as for a current in electrodynamics, in steady state, (see case studies A1 Moving Body and A3 Current Loop in Chapter 4). [Pg.542]

There is a generally accepted theory of superconductivity in metals.This theory is based on the notion that under certain conditions the electrons interact with the lattice of the solid in such a way that two electrons form a pair with opposite spins having a lower energy than two single uncorrelated electrons. The pair of electrons is called a Cooper pair. Unless the pair is broken up, it is not possible for one of the electrons to be scattered by a nucleus. Below a temperature called the transition temperature, there is not enough thermal energy to break up the pair, so that scattering does not occur and an electrical current can flow without observable resistance. [Pg.1183]


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