Energy-coupling efficiency

Although the polarisation level is high, the polarisability is low, as subsequently is the energy coupling efficiency. If the dipole moment is low, the electrons in the cloud can move more easily and the coupling is more efficient. This results in stronger Raman bands, while due to the less pronounced molecular dipole little or no IR-activity can be observed. 

In terms of the normalized flow ratio (/) and the normalized force ratio (jc), the energy coupling efficiency becomes ... 

Lasers can be coupled efficiently to fiber optic devices to deHver intense monochromatic light precisely to the desired region of the body, including internal organs (see Fiber optics). As in other cases of laser-induced photochemistry, biphotonic effects may be important (87). Lasers also offer the advantage of being able to concentrate the incident energy in a spectral bandpass matched to the absorption band of the sensitizer. 

Waddell, T. G., et al., 1997. Optimization of glycolysis A new look at die efficiency of energy coupling. Biochemical Education 25 204-205. 

Singh P, Singh R, Gale R, Rajeshwar K, DuBow J (1980) Surface charge and specific ion adsorption effects in photoelectrochemical devices. J Appl Phys 51 6286-6291 Bard AJ, Bocarsly AB, Pan ERF, Walton EG, Wrighton MS (1980) The concept of Fermi level pinning at semiconductor/liquid junctions. Consequences for energy conversion efficiency and selection of useful solution redox couples in solar devices. J Am Chem Soc 102 3671-3677... 

In the discussions by many authors of the energy conversion efficiency of semiconductor photoelectrochemical systems, it has been tacitly assumed that the maximum theoretical photovoltages produced is the difference between E (in units of eV) and E(0x/R). The best conversion efficiency should then be obtained with a redox couple whose standard redox potential is as low as possible, with a reasonable margin x, say 0.3 V, above E (Fig. 11). From this it follows that the maximum photovoltage obtainable is equal to the band gap, Eg, in an eV unit, minus a small margin x plus A. 

The Suzuki reaction has also been reported in [C4C4im][BF4] using ultrasound as the energy source.48 Iodo- and bromoarenes coupled efficiently at 30 °C to achieve 82-93% conversions in 20-30 min whereas chloroarenes required 1-1.5 h to obtain 42-52% conversions. This compares to only 25% conversion for the silent reaction at 25 °C. Significant homocoupling of the phenylboronic acid was reported when the reactions were... 

The maximum energy conversion efficiency may be related to the merit through the degree of coupling q... 

---