Endosperm development

The others form an extra-embryonic suspensor (Fig. 32-8B).475 The apical part of the embryo develops the shoot meristem and the central part the radial pattern of tissue layers characteristic of plants. The root meristem develops from the basal portion of the embryo. Movements of proteins that provide positional cues are involved in the development of the embryo.476,477 Early embryonic and endosperm development is largely under maternal control. Most paternal genes may be initially silent.478... 

Endosperm development in ae du su wx is similar to that in du su wx, with the type-II minor gradient observed and the central endosperm cavity being present by 27 days post-pollination.43 Starch granule and phytoglycogen plastid development in ae du su wx is similar to that in su, except that the quadruple mutant has greater apparent phytoglycogen content at 16 days post-pollination than does su or any other mutant combination.43 However, with development, there is increasing deterioration of the plastids and central endosperm cells.43... 

Three forms of branching enzyme from developing hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm have been partially purified and characterized.260 Two forms are immunologically related to maize BEI and one form to maize BEII. The N-terminal sequences are consistent with these relationships. The wheat BEIb gene is located on chromosome 7B, while the wheat BEIad peptide genes are located on chromosomes 7 A and 7D. The BE classes in wheat are differentially expressed during endosperm development. BEII is constitutively expressed throughout the whole cycle, while BEIb and BEIad are only expressed in late endosperm development. 

Brangeon. J.. Reyss, A., and Prioul, J. -L. 1997. In situ detection of ADPglucose pyrophosphory-lase expression during maize endosperm development. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 35, 847-858. 

Bechtel, D.B. et al.. Size-distribution of wheat starch granules during endosperm development. Cereal Chem., 67, 59, 1990. 

FIE FIS, EMF, VRN WD40 Endosperm, embryo, female gametophyte Initiation of endosperm development in the absence of fertilization flowers formed in seedlings and non-reproductive organs Ohad et al., 1999... 

Goldberg, R.B. Fischer, R.L. (1999). Mutations in FIE, a WD Polycomb group gene, allow endosperm development without fertilization. Plant Cell, Vol.ll, No.3, (March... 

Kiyosue, T. Ohad, N. Yadegari, R. Hannon, M. Diimeny, J. Wells, D. Katz, A. Margossian, L. Harada, J.J. Goldberg, R.B. Fischer, R.L. (1999). Control of fertilization-independent endosperm development by the MEDEA polycomb gene in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 96, No. 7, (March 1999), pp. 4186-4191, ISSN 0027-8424... 

Seeds are a rich source not only of gibberellins and cytokinins but also of auxins. Relatively few generalizations can be made about auxin content, stage of endosperm development, and growth rate of embryos. During growth of apple seeds one finds two peaks of auxin accumulation (Luckwill et al. 

The process of endosperm development clearly involves the synthesis of many proteins, not only those enzymes involved in general cell metabolism and the synthesis of reserves, but also those proteins which are themselves laid down as storage material. Biosynthetic activity of the maize kernel increases from about the 8th day after anthesis up to about the 28th day (Fig. 3.5), after which it declines. The initial increase may, in part, be a reflection of increased enzyme synthesis within individual cells of the maize endosperm and in part an increase in the number of cells commencing protein synthesis as they approach... 

Sweet com is primarily grown for fresh consumption. Young sweet com kernels are succulent because of a mutant recessive sugary-1 gene that retards the conversion of sucrose into starch during endosperm development (Dickerson, 2003). Immature sweet com contains about 10% sucrose, which is rapidly converted to starch after harvest. Kernels can lose up to 50% of their sucrose at ambient temperature within 24 hours after harvest. 

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