Endoparasites

Jones, M.G.K. (1981) The development and function of plant cells modified by endoparasitic nematodes. In Zuckerman, B.M. and Rohde, R.A. (eds) Plant Parasitic Nematodes, Vol. 3. Academic Press, New York. 

Soucek, D.J. and G.R Noblet. 1998. Copper toxicity to the endoparasitic trematode (Posthodiplostomum minimum) relative to physid snail and bluegill sumfish intermediate hosts. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 2512-2516. 

Polydnavirus-Facilitated Endoparasite Protection Against Host Immune Defenses... 

The parasite-host interaction continuously exerts selective pressure(s) on both insects to survive. The host insect presents a particularly challenging environment for endoparasites because of the rapid development and differentiation that characterize parasite and host life cycles (21,22, 80, 81). Endoparasites may exploit a variety of agents to suppress or avoid host defenses and to modify the normal development of the host to match their need polydnaviruses, venoms, oviduct secretions, and protective materials coating the parasite egg or produced by the endo-parasite as it develops within its host. 

In a permissive host, not all immature wasps are successful in surviving the host s defenses, indicating that selection pressures bearing on the survival strategies of both insects involve some balance that favors the parasite. To the extent that failed endoparasite development is not due to... 

The endoparasite C. sonorensis has evolved with the ability to generate extrachromosomal genetic elements in the form of multiple double-stranded, superhelical DNA molecules. These DNA molecules are amplified in the calyx cell nucleus, packaged into viruses, and secreted in a complex process of viral maturation, which also provides a complex double viral envelope. One viral envelope is assembled in the cell nucleus, and the other is obtained during budding from the calyx cell surface into the oviduct lumen. Viral envelopes, which are derived from cellular membranes, may mediate species-specific virus host cell and tissue interactions. This could be one important aspect of the species-specific endoparasite-host relationship fundamental to parasite survival. 

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