Stir-ability

IV.D. Choosing Solvents to Increase the Stir-ability of Reactions... 

Bitumen emulsions are produced in specific stationary or mobile unit plants, which consist of storage tanks for raw materials, pumps and piping network, emulsification system (colloid mill or high-speed mixer) and tanks with stirring ability to store the final product. A schematic representation of cationic bitumen emulsion production of continuous flow is shown in Figure 3.6. 

The stirring produces the end product in the desired divided-sohds form. Hence, it is frequently termed a granulator or a ciystaUizer. A variety of factoiy-made sizes in various materials of construction are available. Initial cost is modest, while operating cost is rather high (as is true of all batch devices), but the ability to process gummy burdens and/or simultaneously effect two unit operations often yields an economical application. 

Dilatant Basically a material with the ability to increase the volume when its shape is changed. A rheological flow characteristic evidenced by an increase in viscosity with increasing rate of shear. The dilatant fluid, or inverted pseudoplastic, is one whose apparent viscosity increases simultaneously with increasing rate of shear for example, the act of stirring creates instantly an increase in resistance to stirring. 

Even in the case of standard reactors such as stirred tanks and bubble columns, lack of knowledge in this area limits our ability to use particle stress as a selection criterion. The reasons for this lack of knowledge are, on the one hand, that the velocity fields in the reactors, which would allow a certain prediction, can only be obtained by sophisticated measurements and measurement techniques, and on the other hand, the stress on particles becomes evident only as an integral result of a long term process. 

A unique Pd(II)-promoted ortfto-esterification of 2,5-diphenyloxazole has been described [26], When 2,5-diphenyloxazole was heated with 2.5 equivalents of Pd(OAc>2 in acetic acid and CCLt, regioselective palladation took place, giving rise to arylpalladium(n) o-complex 31 in almost quantitative yield. The regioselectivity observed reflects the strong coordination ability of the oxazole nitrogen atom to the palladium atom. Complex 31 was then dissolved in MeOH-THF (1 1) and the solution was stirred at 0 °C to produce 2-(5 -phenylthiazol2-yl)-benzoate 32. A... 

Batch operation For the design of batch reactors for biphasic conversion the type of stirring device is an essential aspect to generate a narrow distribution with small droplet sizes which is equivalent to high surfaces [36]. Together with the diffusion ability (diffusion coefficient) of the used sol-... 

On the horizon are two new methods that are at the margin between the microelectronics industry and biotechnology One is the ability to visualize the results of a molecular test using electronic sensors the other is the capacity to alter molecular hybridization conditions through the use of electric fields. Each of these is likely to cause a stir among molecular diagnosticians. 

The advantage of induction melting is the ability to melt cleanly and quickly. It is applicable to virtually any metal or alloy, even if they are not inductively suscepting, since it is possible to use the crucible as a susceptor as well. Furthermore, once the metal is molten, the induction lines from the secondary currents stir the melted charge and improve melt homogeneity. 

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