Embryonic kidney development

Protocols Designed to Mimic Embryonic Kidney Development... 

Kidney development can be used again here to illustrate the kinds of events that occur during organ maturation, which takes place during fetal and postnatal development. While the induction of the organ and formation of its basic structure are initiated in the embryonic period, differentiation of the nephrons is not complete until term in humans, and not until the 2nd week postnatally in rodents. 

A) Correlates with development of transport in embryonic kidney and intestine... 

There is considerable evidence indicating that the embryonic kidney does not develop complete functional capacity until sometime after the birth of the animal (85, 86). 

Fig. 15.3 Scheme demonstrating the origin of blood vessels in the developing kidney transplants. Upon transplantation of early embryonic kidney precursors, a predominance of host-derived... 

While the importance of APC and host vasculature levels in early embryonic kidney precursor tissue carmot be underestimated, the observed reduced immunogenicity may reflect progressive development of a complex array of ceU surface molecules and soluble factors that determine immune recognition in the fetal organ. 

Numerous cell lines have been developed for the purpose of recombinant protein expression however, several cell lines have dominated the field. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), NSO and SP2/0 murine myeloma, human embryonic kidney (HEK293), and COS cell fines are popular choices. HeLa, BHK, YB2/0, and PerC6 are several other available options that are not discussed in detail here. Several of these cell fines can be grown in attachment-dependent monolayers or suspension cultures. For large-scale culture, cell suspension is preferred. 

During development, a portion of the mesonephric kidney develops into two different ducts, the Wolffian and Mullerian ducts. The Wolffian duct, under the influence of testosterone, differentiates into the vas deferens, the epididymis, and the seminal vesicle. A second pair of embryonic ducts, the Mullerian ducts, develops alongside the Wolffian ducts. In males, the Mullerian ducts are suppressed due to the action of Miillerian-inhibiting substance (MIS), a hormone secreted by the testes. Maleness depends upon the secretion of testosterone from the testis, and in the absence of testosterone a male will develop a female phenotype. The SRY gene apparently activates the synthesis of MIS, which in turn assures that the Mullerian ducts will atrophy and that the mammal develops as a male. 

---