Elements of a suitable manufacturing synthesis

For human use, the final product of a successful manufacturing synthesis consistently meets certain specifications. It undergoes a battery of tests showing that it does so. The tests pertain to its identity, purity, enantiomeric 

So numerous, pervasive, and important are safety considerations in process research and chemical development that fipcos employ specialists to deal properly with them. To appreciate this importance, let us consider only one topic in any detail, namely runaway reactions. Carried out on a large scale, such reactions can destroy property and injure or loll people they thus threaten the plant, surrounding homes, employees, and community residents. Runaways arise fi om two causes, poor understanding of kinetics or chemistry and inadequate operators training or procedures (Etchells, 

Yet other chemical changes are exothermic, releasing heat quickly. Reactions that are docile on a laboratory scale can, unless they are controlled, run away on a plant scale, for reasons basically concerning heat evolution, transfer, and dissipation. For example, in a unit of time the heat lost by a standard reactor can be three to six times less than by laboratory glass equipment (Etchells, 1997). Heat transfer aind dissipation depend on various factors including the cooling capacity of coolant surroimding the reactor, the heat transfer coefficient of the reactor wall, and the reactor surface area. In a cylindrical reactor, this area is proportional to the square of the radius. The heat evolved, however, depends indirectly on the volume of reactants and solvent. Therefore, it effectively increases as does the cube of the reactor radius. 

Larger scale factors demand greater temperature reductions. 

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