Elements in biological systems

Horikoshi T, Nakajima A, Sakaguchi T. 1981. Studies on the accumulation of heavy metal elements in biological systems. XIX. Accumulation of uranium by microorganisms. Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol... 

Most metals, for which compounds are carcinogenic, are from IV group of Periodic Table of Elements. In biological systems, carcinogenic metals can form stable complexes and biological availability of these complexes determines the carcinogenic potential of various metal compounds. 

Trace elements, in biological systems. 941-953 Transactinide elements. 599-607, 613-617... 

It is impossible to cover adequately the chemistry of various elements in biological systems in a single chapter. Before discussing the salient points of other essential and trace elements, the biochemistry of iron will be discussed briefly. Iron is the most... 

Many of the non metals such as hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and iodine are essential elements, and most are used in quantities for beyond the trace levels. Nevertheless, most of the chemistry of these elements in biological systems is more closely associated with organic chemistry than with inorganic chemistry. 

Levy, A. L. Progress in Biochemical Investigations. II. Determination of Elements in Biological Systems. Microchem. J. 4, 343 (1960). 

P.H. Brown, A.H. Rathjen, R.D. Graham and D.E. Tribe, Rare earth elements in biological systems 423 Errata 453... 

Iron enjoys a unique position as an essential trace element in biological systems. By virtue of its role in electron transfer it is generally present in higher concentration than the other trace elements. At the same time its extreme insolubility at physiological pH and the myriad of reaction... 

The substoichiometric principle is also applied for determination of trace elements in biological systems. Some examples are listed in Table 19.1. The detection limits are usually <1 mg/1, in some cases (e.g. (QH6)2Hg) <10 nig/1. 

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