Activations electrophile

The halogen carriers or aromatic halogenation catalysts are usually all electrophilic reagents (ferric and aluminium haUdes, etc.) and their function appears to be to increase the electrophilic activity of the halogen. Thus the mechanism for the bromination of benzene in the presence of iron can be repre-sfflited by the following scheme ... 

A related strategy of orthogonal nucleophilic and electrophilic activation was later employed in the synthesis of the polyene macrolide roflamycoin [32]... 

Scheme 9). Although cyanohydrin acetonide 64 could conceivably have been used, the silyl ether 75 was chosen. This compound is readily available from (l)-malic acid, and can undergo electrophilic activation under far more mild conditions than compound 64. Alkylation of the 1,3-diol synthon 75 with bromide 76 created the C11-C26 framework of roflamycoin, in 85% yield. A two-step conversion of the terminal siloxy group to the primary iodide (78) proceeded in 80% overall yield. 

Chianese AR, Lee SJ, Gagne MR (2007) Electrophilic activation of aUcenes by platinum(II) so much more than a slow version of palladium(II). Angew Chem Int Ed 46 4042-4059... 

However, diffusion of the reactive QM out of the enzyme active site is a major concern. For instance, a 2-acyloxy-5-nitrobenzylchloride does not modify any nucleophilic residue located within the enzyme active site but becomes attached to a tryptophan residue proximal to the active site of chymotrypsin or papain.23,24 The lack of inactivation could also be due to other factors the unmasked QM being poorly electrophilic, active site residues not being nucleophilic enough, or the covalent adduct being unstable. Cyclized acyloxybenzyl molecules of type a could well overcome the diffusion problem. They will retain both the electrophilic hydroxybenzyl species b, and then the tethered QM, in the active site throughout the lifetime of the acyl-enzyme (Scheme 11.1). This reasoning led us to synthesize functionalized... 

In particular, the reactions of electrophilically activated benzonitrile A-oxides with 3-methylenephthalimidines with formation of 2-isoxazolines and oximes and the cycloaddition between alkynyl metal(O) Fischer carbenes and nitrones leading to 4-isoxazolines have been investigated by density functional theory methods <06JOC9319 06JOC6178>. 

The same pathway of activation has been postulated in the formation of quinones, although the putative 6-hydroxyBP precursor has never been isolated (19,20). In this mechanism, formation of quinones would proceed by autoxidation of 6-hydroxyBP (20). However, substantial evidence indicates that the first step in formation of quinones does not involve the typical attack of the electrophilic active oxygen to yield 6-hydroxyBP, but instead consists of the loss of one electron from BP to produce the radical cation. 

In most palladium-catalyzed oxidations of unsaturated hydrocarbons the reaction begins with a coordination of the double bond to palladium(II). In such palladium(II) olefin complexes (1), which are square planar d8 complexes, the double bond is activated towards further reactions, in particular towards nucleophilic attack. A fairly strong interaction between a vacant orbital on palladium and the filled --orbital on the alkene, together with only a weak interaction between a filled metal d-orbital and the olefin ji -orbital (back donation), leads to an electrophilic activation of the alkene9. 

The resonance structures of nitronates are most similar to those of nitrones, but nitronates have the additional structure D. Strange as it may seem, the contribution of this structure more likely slightly diminishes a-C-electrophilic activity of nitronates, move than is favorable for the appearance of the nucleophilic properties. In any case, no transformations, in which nitronates unambiguously act as C-nucleophiles, have been rigorously established. 

In summary, transifion-metal-catalyzed alkene-polymerization reactions highlight the metal-induced electrophilic activation of C—C n bonds to form carbo-cation-like alkene complexes. Considerations involving substituent pi-donor or pi-acceptor strength (i.e., tendency toward carbocation formation) will be useful in similarly rationalizing polymerization reactions (4.105) for more general alkenes. 

The oxidative addition of palladium(O) to aryl bromide generates the arylpalladium(n) intermediate 126 (Scheme 37). The electrophilic activation of the double bond by palladium facilitates the nucleophilic attack, resulting in cyclization. 

The skeletal rearrangements are cycloisomerization processes which involve carbon-carbon bond cleavage. These reactions have witnessed a tremendous development in the last decade, and this chemistry has been recently reviewed.283 This section will be devoted to 7T-Lewis acid-catalyzed processes and will not deal, for instance, with genuine enyne metathesis processes involving carbene complex-catalyzed processes pioneered by Katz284 and intensely used nowadays with Ru-based catalysts.285 By the catalysis of 7r-Lewis acids, all these reactions generally start with a metal-promoted electrophilic activation of the alkyne moiety, a process well known for organoplatinum... 

Extensions of the electrophilic activation of the alkyne moiety as well as an alkene moiety have been developed and applied. The applications include various reactions, for instance, Friedel-Crafts type alkylations,323 anchimeric assistance of heteroatomic moiety generally followed by rearrangements (see below), implementation of more sophisticated functional groups such as ynamides and allenynes, which are discussed below. 

The authors point out that the dependence of the site of electrophilic attack on the ligand trans to the hydride in the model systems may be important with respect to alkane activation. If the information is transferable to Pt-alkyls, protonation at the metal rather than the alkyl should be favored with weak (and hard ) a-donor ligands like Cl- and H20. These are the ligands involved in Shilov chemistry and so by the principle of microscopic reversibility, C-H oxidative addition may be favored over electrophilic activation for these related complexes. 

As shown in Scheme 4-6, the reaction proceeds via a Ti(IV) mixed-ligand complex A bearing allyl alkoxide and TBHP anions as ligands. The alkyl peroxide is electrophilically activated by bidentate coordination to the Ti(IV) center. Oxygen transfer to the olefinic bond occurs to provide the complex B, in which Ti(IV) is coordinated by epoxy alkoxide and r-butoxide. In complex B,... 

In 1978, Negishi et al. reported highly regio- and stereoselective methylalumination of alkynes with Me3Al using a zirconocene catalyst [59]. The involvement of cationic zirconocene species in the activation of carbon—carbon triple bonds was suggested in a reaction mechanism featuring electrophilic activation by aluminum (Scheme 8.30). 

Scheme 3.1 Electrophilic activation of hemiacetals for dehydrative glycosylation.

Kusumoto and coworkers have found that the treatment of hemiacetal 1 with trifluoro- or trichloroacetic anhydride 94 (1 equiv) and trimethylsilyl perchlorate (0.2 equiv) selectively provides the corresponding anomeric ester intermediate 91 [152], Hemiacetal acylation occurs even in the presence of the alcohol acceptor. With Lewis acid assistance, the glycosyl ester intermediate is displaced to provide disaccharide products in good yields. This transformation allowed the synthesis of disaccharides 98 (81%) and 99 (91%). In some cases, acetic anhydride has been used as the electrophilic activator of hemiacetal donors and the reaction with thiol acceptors yields S-linked glycosides [153,154],... 

Much of our research has involved the use of dicationic electrophiles in reactions with very weak nucleophiles, such as non-activated arenes and alkanes. By comparison to similar monocationic electrophiles, we have been able to show the extent of electrophilic activation by adjacent cationic centers. For example, carbocations show an increased reactivity with a nearby cationic charge (eqs 3-4).9 When 1,1-diphenyletheneis reacted with superacidic CF3SO3H... 

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