Electrooptical applications

Gradient Zone Melting (TGZM) method (34 35), which is well known in many related applications, but does not appear to have been applied to the production of composites, particularly for electrooptic applications. 

The results are to some extent inconclusive and suggest that a two-photon state may have to be included. Also reported here are some further major improvements in molecular second order nonlinearities of particular importance to poled-polymer electrooptic applications (EO). Thus, it is found that appropriate replacement of benzene moieties with that of thiazole in certain azo dyes results in a factor of three increase in i-p, the molecular dipole ( io) projected molecular second order nonlinear optical susceptibility, p. 

The order must then be frozen in before crystallisation occurs, since this would result in the formation of grain boundaries and a reduction in transport or emission efficiency. Device breakdown is also a possibility. The most efficient way to fix the liquid crystalline order is the formation of anisotropic networks by the polymerisation of reactive mesogens in the liquid crystalline state.Anisotropic polymer networks formed from the thermal or photoinitiated polymerisation of polymerisable, so-called photoreactive, liquid crystalline monomers have been used in a wide variety of electrooptic applications, see Chapter This is a more attractive approach than cross-linking... 

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 5, Wiley-Interscience, New York (1986), contains excellent articles reviewing electrical properties of polymers, measurement of these properties, and electrical, electronic and electrooptical applications of polymers. 

Traditional ceramics are quite common, from sanitary ware to fine chinas and porcelains to glass products. Currently ceramics are being considered for uses that a few decades ago were inconceivable applications ranging from ceramic engines to optical communications, electrooptic applications to laser materials, and substrates in electronic circuits to electrodes in photoelectrochemical devices. Some of the recent applications for which ceramics are used and/or are prime candidates are listed in Table 1.1. 

Liquid crystals are unique molecular materials because of their anisotropic nature and molecular dynamics [1-4]. Over the last three decades, these materials have been developed as advanced materials for electrooptical applications such as display devices. Liquid crystals also have close relationships to biomolecular systems [5]. Cell membranes form dynamic and anisotropic molecular states, which possess liquid-crystalline behavior. Recently, liquid-crystalline complexes of DNAs and liposomes have been considered as potential systems for gene therapy [6]. The design of liquid crystals by using a variety of structures and interactions may lead to wider applicability of mesomorphic materials. 

Haertling, G.H. and Land, C.E. (1971) Hot-pressed (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)03 ferroelectric ceramics for electrooptic applications, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 54, 1. This is the original citation for transparent PLZT ceramics. Kaiser, P. (1973) Spectral losses of unclad fibers made from high-grade vitreous silica, Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 45. Developed the MCVD process. 

Amorphous polymers with pendant azobenzene groups were demonstrated to be good candidates for optical data storage and other electrooptic applications. One such material can be illustrated as follows ... 

Poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) is an interesting material for electrooptical applications as its bandgap is in the blue region of the visible spectrum and its thermal stability is combined with high PL. However, it is insoluble and infusible making it difficult to fabricate thin films. In the early stages of the search for PPP synthesis the limitations were related to the difficulties in the preparation of polymers possessing a defined architecture. Since rally a few classical ... 

Chiellini, E., and Galli, G., Chiral liquid crystalline polymers recent trends and perspectives in synthesis and electrooptical applications. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 254, 17-36 (1994). 

ELECTRONIC PACKAGING. See Volume 2. ELECTROOPTICAL APPLICATIONS. See Volume 2. 

A review of electrooptical applications in the broadest sense is out of the question. It would involve treatment of topics ranging from modulated lasers (direct modulation) to light-emitting diodes (LEDs), to liquid crystalhne materials. 

---