Electrons back-reflected

Early p-i-n cells exhibited poor quantum efficiencies at short wavelengths because of recombination in the p layer (Carlson and Wronski, 1976). As discussed in Section 1, absorption losses associated with the front p layer can be reduced by alloying the p layer with carbon. Increasing the band gap of the p layer may also reduce recombination associated with the back-diffusion of local minority carriers. As shown in Fig. 11, the p layer may present a bump in the conduction band that reflects both thermal and hot electrons back into the i layer. Thus, the good short-wavelength response shown in Fig. 9 can be attributed to the reflection of minority carriers (or a small surface recombination velocity). 

All terms of the transport equations are retained and included in the solution. This is significant because both thermal diffusion effects and the ion drag affect the calculated performance. Boundary conditions for these equations have electron retaining sheaths at the edges of the plasma. Electrode area ratios and electron reflectivities are included in the boundary conditions also. Electron back emission from the collector is in the collector side boundary conditions, but ion emission from the emitter has been neglected. 

Inasmuch as catalytic chemistry involves very special chemical complexes, in small concentrations, and in special places like only the surface of a solid, the development of new techniques suitable for the development of new information is always of great importance to the field. The development of low energy electron diffraction by back-reflection from surfaces to a new and powerful research tool (L. H. Germer) marks a recent such advance reported in this volume. It presents another potentially important route to direct inspection of the structural detail of the surface of X or the complexes AX, on solids. 

Fig. 5-3 Back-reflection Laue camera. The sectored disc on the front of the cassette would be removed for a Laue photograph the purpose of this disc and of the drive motor at left is described in Sec. 6-9. (Courtesy of Philips Electronic Instruments, Inc.)...

The typical deactivation curves plotted in Figure 8 depict the poisoning of Johnson Matthey platinum metal oxidation catalyst by lead and phosphorus. A section of the spent catalyst was subjected to electron probe microanalysis (Figure 9) the lead and phosphorus density photographs were obtained by monitoring back reflected x-rays. Phosphorus accumulated on the periphery of the washcoat at the gas-solid interface, whilst lead appeared to be more evenly distributed throughout the... 

If the impurity is located in the vicinity of the injector QPC an electron beam reflected back from the scattering potential towards the injector QPC modifies an injected electron beam / o- Self-consistent calculations of the propagated wave function are required to take this effect into account. 

Luster The free electrons in the sea can absorb photons making them opaque-looking. However, the surface electrons also reflect light back at same frequency of incidence making the surface shiny. 

The fine structure is produced by the electron wave originating from an inner shell that is partially back-reflected by the surrounding atoms, which leads to a modulation of the excitation probability of inner-shell electrons. This fine structure can therefore provide information not only on the... 

The momentum of the electron has to meet the conditions outlined in Section 6.2.2. Otherwise, the electron is reflected back into the liquid where subsequent scattering events randomize the momentum. The electron then returns to the barrier without any significant energy loss. The escape rate of electrons is increased by the application of an electric field as. 

The elastically back-reflected electrons define the zero energy loss peak that dominates the spectrum. All other parts of the spectrum are amplified with respect to it. At an energy loss of about 67 meV, a strong phonon peak of the MnO (100) thin film can be seen as well as smaller peaks at multiples of 67 meV. The latter corresponds to backscattered electrons, which have excited two or more phonons. 

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