Electron diffraction HEED LEED

HEED = high energy electron diffraction IILE = ion-induced light emission INS = ion-neutralization spectroscopy IRS = infrared spectroscopy ISS = ion-scattering spectroscopy LEED = low energy electron diffraction LEIS = low energy ion scattering ... 

For the investigation of surface structures, electron-diffraction techniques such as LEED [8] and HEED [9] are mainly used. Recently, an effort has also been made to obtain structural information by spectroscopic techniques, i.e. SIMS [10]. The clean surface of a single or polycrystalline material is structurally heterogeneous. 

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