Electron Configurations of Atoms in the Ground State

SPECIFIC HEATS AND HEAT CAPACITIES OF SOME COMMON SUBSTANCES 

Substance Specific Heat, c (Jg- K- ) Molar Heat Capacity, Cp (J mo -i K-i) 

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS OF SOME INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT 25°C 

Magnesium compounds Mg3(As04)2 2.1 X 10-2° Nickel compounds Ni3(As04)2 1.9 X 10-25 

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APPENDIX D Electron Configuration of Atoms in the Ground State A-13... 

The electronic configuration of silicon in its ground state is Is 2s 2p 3s 3p with two unpaired electrons. To explain the tetravalency of silicon, sp hybridization of the 3s and three 3p orbitals is proposed. For minimum repulsion of the hybrid orbitals, the four hybrid orbitals are distributed about the silicon atom at an angle 109.5° and pointing in tetrahedral directions. Each of the four Si-Cl bond is obtained by the overlapping of sp hybrid orbital of the silicon atom with 2p orbital of Cl atoms. The bonds are arranged tetrahedrally. 

The ground-state electronic configuration of iron in the solid-state metal lattice is [Ar] 4s 3d . The magnetic moment per iron atom in a cm solid is 2.2 X 10 emu, or approximately 2 Bohr magnetons = 1 x 10 emu). Therefore, there are two unpaired electrons in each iron atom throughout the lattice. By comparison, the fx-B values for cobalt ([Ar] 4s 3d ) and nickel ([Ar] 4s 3d ) arc 1.72 and 0.61, respectively. Since there are five d orbitals and six d-electrons for iron, two separate... 

In this section, you will learn how to predict the electron configurations of atoms of elements. There are a couple of different ways of doing this, which we consider in turn. It should be emphasized that, throughout this discussion, we refer to isolated gaseous atoms in the ground state. (In excited states, one or more electrons are promoted to a higher energy level)... 

Which of the following electron configurations are for atoms in the ground state In the excited state Which are impossible ... 

Electron configurations are crucially important in chemistry. They determine how atoms combine to form the everyday materials around us, such as water, wood, and plastics. Flowever, most of the electron configurations examined so far are a special case. They are the arrangements found in atoms in the ground state, their most stable, lowest-energy state. 

An atom in the ground state has seven valence electrons. Which electron configuration could represent the valence electron configuration of this atom in the ground state ... 

Figure I. (above) Electronic configuration of a sulfur atom in the ground state (below) two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional sulfur helix...

In order to examine the effect of the number of 3d electrons on the x-ray intensity ratios, we have calculated the KPfKa ratios for Cr atom as a function of the number of 3d electrons with the HS code. The calculations were made by removing the 3d electron one by one from the valence electron configuration of the Cr atom in the ground state, (3d) (4s). The results are given in Table 9 and it is found that the decrease in the number of 3d electrons increases the KpiKa ratio. This fact indicates that the KPjKa ratio by EC is smaller than that by PI if the parent Mn atom in EC and the... 

The electronic structure of the carbon atom gives the element a remarkable diversity of chemical properties. The four valence electrons occupy the configuration 2s 2p in the ground state but promotion and hybridisation (p. 97) occurs very freely and accounts for the characteristic valency of four which is never exceeded. Silicon differs in that 3d orbitals are accessible, giving a greater variety and an increased number of valencies (p. 104). It can thus exhibit a covalency greater than 4, as in the SiFg ion. 

Describe the electrons in an atom of nickel in the ground state using the electron configuration notation and the noble-gas notation. 

This is the commonest geometry that is encountered in organic molecules, because this is the shape that is adopted by a saturated carbon, i.e. one that is bonded to four other groups by four single bonds. Write down the electronic configuration of the carbon atom in the ground state, i.e. the most stable state. 

The S atom in the ground state has the electronic configuration [Ne]3s 3p with 2 unpaired p electrons ( Pj). Other atomic properties are ionization energy 999.30 kJ mo1 , electron affinities -1-200 and —414kJmol for the addition of the first and second electrons respectively, electronegativity (Pauling) 2.5, covalent radius 103 pm and ionic radius of 184 pm. These properties can be compared with those of the other elements in Group 16 on p. 754. 

P10.28 Electronic configurations of neutral, fourth period transition atoms in the ground state are summarized in the following table along with observed, positive oxidation states. The most common, positive oxidation states are indicated with bright boxing. 

For an atom of tin in the ground state, write the electron configuration using noble-gas notation, and draw its electron-dot structure. 

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF NEUTRAL ATOMS IN THE GROUND STATE... 

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