Electromagnetic isotope

Ironically, our current plans call for the reverse linkage of the above enrichment procedures. That is, we shall use an electromagnetic isotope separator to enrich argon isotopes for a mass spectrometry experiment, and we shall enrich radiocarbon via thermal diffusion for improved mini-gas proportional counting. 

Currie, L. A., Klouda, G. A., Elmore, D., Ferraro, R., Gove, H., Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and Electromagnetic Isotope Separation for the Determination of Natural Radiocarbon at the Microgram Level (in preparation). 

The revelation that Iraq had been using the electromagnetic isotope separation (EMIS) process for enriching came as a surprise to many people in the scientific community. It was not until the third inspection that the Iraqi authorities admitted to the existence of this program and described their activities in detail. 

Wagner, H., Walcher, W. (eds.) Proc. Intern. Conf. Electromagnetic Isotope Separators, Marburg, 1970... 

Andersen, T., S<)rensen, G., in Electromagnetic isotope separators and their applications. Koch, J., Nielsen, K. O. (eds.). Amsterdam North-Holland 1965... 

Large-capacity electromagnetic isotope separation equipment has abo been developed in Russia [Z2], and at Harwell [S4], Amsterdam [K2], and other centers of nuclear research [K5j. 

K5. Koch, J. (ed.) Electromagnetic Isotope Separators and Applications of Magnetically Enriched Isotopes, Interscience, New York, 1958. 

Koch, J., (Ed.), "Electromagnetic Isotope Separators and Applications of Electromagnetically Enriched Isotopes", North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, I958. 

O Equations (15.4) andO (15.5) show that the deflections of the ions of the lighter isotope are greater than those of the heavier isotope, provided that their velocities and charges are the same. The isotope analysis by mass spectrometry and the electromagnetic isotope separation method using large-scale mass spectrometers, called Calutrons because of their early development at the University of California Cyclotron Laboratory, are based on these effects. 

Calutrons are electromagnetic isotope separators that operate like analytical mass spectrometers. The term calutron is a tribute to the work of E. O. Lawrence and his team of scientists who developed the process at their University of California cyclotron laboratory and assisted in its transformation to a production-scale process at the electromagnetic plant located at the Y-12 site in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The Y-12 calutron process was replaced shortly after the end of World War II by the gaseous diffusion process located at the K-25 plant (also in Oak Ridge). The gaseous diffusion operation had much larger production capabilities and was far less labor intensive. 

Because of its use in the Manhattan Project, the details of the electromagnetic isotope enrichment process were highly classified. After the discontinuation of its use for enrichment of uranium, much of the related technology was declassified and made available to the rest of the world through conferences and technical publications. Many countries developed their own electromagnetic isotope enrichment capability, but much smaller in scale. While the individual separators were similar in size and design, the number of separators, and thus the total production capability, was much smaller. Russia pursued a course similar... 

Other processes There are also other processes like the aerodynamic nozzle processes that also use centrifugal forces to separate molecules from UEg molecules but in this case the UFg is transported by hydrogen gas through a narrow static nozzle. The historic EMIS (electromagnetic isotope separation) that operates like a large magnetic sector mass spectrometer uses UCI4 as its feed material has also been used. 

Unstablebeam implantation improved dramatically with the development of heavy-ion accelerators in the I980s. A representative example is the electromagnetic isotope separation online (ISOL) technique. Weyer et al. [19,20]... 

The recoil effect is useful for separating radionuclides. A fully mechanized apparatus has been desoibed for the continuous separation of short-lived radionuclides. The use of ch cal reactions of recoil atoms has been utilized for on-line separations of the required isotope in studies of nuclear reactions, using electromagnetic isotope separators. The systems studied were ... 

G. K. Wolf and T. Fritsch, Proceedings of the International Conference on Electromagnetic Isotope Separators and Techniques of their Applications, Marburg, September, 1970. 

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