Electromagnetic environment 510 INDEX

The combination of light-transmitting optical cable and miniature silicon sensors has resulted in the development of a new measurement technology for various industrial processes. Three variables may be measured with tins technique—temperature, pressure, and refractive index. The new systems are immune to electromagnetic and radio-frequency interference, they provide more accuracy in electrically noisy environments, and their miniature size improves response and causes minimal process disturbances. 

The interactions between the molecule and the environment can lead to distortions in the electrical properties due to the susceptibility of the molecules and the properties of the host matrix. The refractive index of the matrix acts as a screening factor, modifying the optical spectra and interaction between charges or dipoles embedded within it. Local field effects change the interaction with an electromagnetic field and should be considered along with orientation factors in the dipolar interaction. 

Here, m is the refractive-index sensitivity of the sensor Uadsorbate and Ubiank are the refractive indices of the adsorbate (i.e., analyte) and the bulk environment prior to the sensing event, respectively (iadsorbate is the effective thickness of the adsorbate layer and k is the characteristic electromagnetic field decay length associated with the sensor. 

Due to the specific character of this refraction tensor, which correlates the propagation of the electromagnetic waves in vacuum - ( ) with that of a crystalline environment - (Z)), the last statement can be written also for the propagation speeds in vacuum, represented by the scalar of the light speed c, respecting the velocity of the system in cause, represented by the vector (v). Thus, the tensor of the refraction index will not be of second order, but of the first order, to satisfy the contracting relation ... 

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