Electrodes continued second kind

Active materials are considered to be integrated as solids in the battery electrodes. Electrodes of the second kind and insertion electrodes are treated exclusively. Sometimes, it is believed [10] that this is the only way to arrive at practical battery designs. However, nowadays a continuous hybridization of the fuel cell type of design can be observed for conventional inorganic systems, e.g., dissolved active materials in flow cells, storage outside in a separate tank (especially for gaseous reactants) and so on. These versions will not be discussed in the present review, however, for they play no role for metal-free cells. 

This phenomenon has been briefly discussed in 1.3.3. Sometimes polarographic waves have large maxima. There are two kinds. Maxima of the first kind are found as continuations of the rising part of the wave and are usually sharp (Fig. 1.3f). Maxima of the second kind are rounded humps found on the upper plateau of the wave. Both are adsorption phenomena. Maxima of the first kind are believed to be caused by rapid streaming of the solution past the electrode, somehow caused by adsorbed forms. Maxima of the second kind involves streaming of the mercury within the mercury drop. 

It would be difficult to underestimate the importance of the analysis of waters. It has long been recognized that the use of water for human consumption depended on its purity. More recently environmental considerations have led to recognition of the importance of water purity in preservation of the aquatic environment and food chains within it. Over the past few decades the importance of water quality has come to be appreciated in all of the applications to which water is put. The analyses that are required to ensure that the water is of the correct quality are numerous and legislative standards are in place for many of these analyses. Ion-selective electrodes play two kinds of role in water analysis, the first in those cases where the ion-selective electrode method is the most analytically suitable and the second where the ion-selective electrode is the most appropriate because of the dynamic real-time analytical capability of the ion-selective electrode which allows continuous monitoring of the water. 

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