Electrodeposition heat production

Thermal ionization is based on the production of atomic or molecular ions at the hot surface of a metal filament [95,96]. In this ionization source, the sample is deposited on a metal filament (W, Pt or Re) and an electric current is used to heat the metal to a high temperature. The ions are formed by electron transfer from the atom to the filament for positive species or from the filament to the atom for negative species. The analysed sample can be fixed to the filament by depositing drops of the sample solution on the filament surface followed by evaporation of the solvent to complete dryness, or by using electrodeposition methods. 

Gold, and more recently iridium, has been considered ideal biomaterials for stents. It is liiglily radio-opaque (it shows clearly in X-ray type analysis) and it is considered inert (corrosion should not be expected of the surface due to its noble characteristics.) Indeed, a gold electrodeposited stainless steel stent made it through clinical trials and it was actually approved for clinical use. " It was, nonetheless, a failure because its rate of restenosis was higher than stents already on tlie market When the production process for the stent was reviewed, it turned out that proper heat treating of the plated surface was not performed. Early animal da-... 

Car paints are cured with heat in special oven lines. Electrodeposition coatings (used as anticorrosive primers) contain only small amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOC), whereas intermediate and topcoats release considerable amounts of VOCs. Intermediate coats based on waterborne resins have been developed to decrease VOC emission and are already being used in some automotive plants. Basecoats, as part of base-clear topcoat systems, contain very high amounts of volatile organic solvents. Waterborne basecoats were developed more recently to lower this source of solvent emission. Some car manufacturers are operating pilot lines with the aim of introducing waterborne basecoats into their production processes. Many car producers in the United States and Europe have already switched their topcoat lines over to waterborne basecoats [11.3]. 

A channel MSR without any internals for mixing can also be used for three-phase reactions hydrogenation of /)-nitrotoluene to / -toluidine in microchannel reactors using different ways of preparation of the Pd catalyst [22]. Practically this reaction is free of by-products, that is, selectivity to / -toluidine is 100%. Depending on the operating conditions, the conversion was varied from 58 to 98% in MSR. The conversion for an electrodeposited palladium was 58%, for chemical deposited palladium was in between 58 and 98%, for impregnated catalyst on an electro-oxidized nanoporous substrate was 89%, and for fixed bed catalyst was 85%. Though the best MSR conversion is similar to that of a conventional fixed bed reactor, the increased heat removal allowed a pronounced decrease in reaction time down to some few minutes [23]. 

Organic Electrolytes. One of the major drawbacks of any molten salt process for electrodeposition is the energy needed to maintain the system in its molten state. The energy that is added either by external heaters or by Joule heating must add to the cost of the final product. 

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