Electrocoagulation

Another popular method which gives a high-quality water is reverse osmosis (RO), often called ultrafiltration or hyperfiltration. Though often considered too expensive for industrial use, RO has found extensive applications in domestic water supplies. The production of highly efficient osmotic membranes has made RO competitive with distillation for the production of salt-free water. RO does not, however, remove volatile organic compounds (VOC) from the water supply. Treatment with granulated activated carbon (GAC) can be very effective for this purpose (see Chap. 16 and Appendix C). 

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Roa-Morales, G., Campos-Medina, E., Aguilera-Cotero, J., Bilyeu, B., and Barrea-Diaz, C., Aluminum electrocoagulation with peroxide applied to wastewater from pasta and cookie processing, Separation and Purification Technology, 54, 124-129, 2007. 

Kobya, M., Senturk, E., and Bayramoglu, M., Treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewaters by electrocoagulation, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 33, 172-176, 2006. 

Sengil, I.A. and Ozacar, M., Treatment of dairy wastewaters by electrocoagulation using mild steel electrodes, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137 (2), 1197-1205, 2006. 

The latter concept implies providing local life support systems for unfriendly environments. By now, Ukrainian scientists and engineers have developed a variety of processes for potable water treatment by adsorption, electrochemical oxidation, electrocoagulation, electro-coprecipitation, electrodialysis, electrofloatation, floatation, membrane techniques etc. Each family must get small units for water purification, air cleaning and removal of hazardous substances from the food as soon as possible, for it may take decades to introduce cleaner production on a national scale. Here, we should follow the example of Western business people who bring with them to Ukraine devices enabling a safe existence in this unfriendly environment. 

Micro-Thromboses Platelets and leucocytes, like other cells, are known to carry surplus negative charge, and can be electrophoretically deposited at (or around) the anode10 owing to the positive electrode potential. These microthromboses in capillaries in or near the treatment site will result in decreased blood flow and may contribute to a local dystrophy of the tissue. A more pronounced version of this effect can be seen sometimes as electrocoagulation and vascular occlusion (i.e., shut, closed or obstructed vasculature) of the tumor tissue. In other words, ECT cuts off the blood supply to the tumor and causes the tumor cell necrosis. 

Since the early 1980s, much effort has focused on animal models of acute and chronic neurodegeneration in search of therapeutics for stroke. Neuronal cell death follows strokes, acute ischemic insults, and chronic neurodegeneration, such as Parkinson s disease, Alzheimer s disease (AD), epilepsy, and Huntington s disease. Up to 80% of all strokes result from focal infarcts and ischemia in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), so the commonly used animal models for neuroprotection are produced by temporary or permanent occlusion of the MCA.5 Lesions of the MCA include occlusion by electrocoagulation, intraluminal monofilaments, photochemical effects, thrombosis, and endothelin-1, but all of these models necessitate studying reperfusion events and validating MCA occlusion by behavioral assessments. 

The VNO is extremely important in mediating endocrine responses to primer pheromones. Puberty acceleration in female rats by male urine odors can be prevented by electrolytic damage to the vomeronasal nerve. Also, effects of male urine odor such as shortening of the estrus cycle (see Ch. 8) can be eliminated by section of the vomeronasal nerve, or bilateral electrocoagulation of the accessory olfactory bulb (Sanchez-Criado, 1982). In rats, the odor of males stimulates ovulation in females, an effect that is lost if the VNO is extirpated (Johns etal., 1978). Female prairie voles, M. ochrogaster, respond to odors from males with reproductive activation. Surgical removal of the VNO from adult females impedes this reproductive activation by the stud male. The weights of the uterus and the ovaries of these females were lower than those of normal or sham-operated individuals. However, the females without a VNO were still able to locate food by chemical cues (Lepri and Wysocki, 1987). 

T0644 Recra Environmental, Inc., Alternating Current Electrocoagulation T0645 Recycling Science International, Inc., Desorption and Vapor Extraction (DAVE) System... 

T0192 CURE International, Inc., CURE Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System T0214 DuPont/Oberlin, Microfiltration Technology T0230 EET Corporation, Microwaste Waste Solidification T0232 Eichrom Industries, Inc., Diphonix... 

T0192 CURE International, Inc., CURE Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System... 

T0644 Recra Environmental, Inc., Alternating Current Electrocoagulation... 

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